What are the rules for each group of elements in the periodic table from left to right? To sum it up

Metallic and non-metallic properties of the elements.

In the same period, from left to right, with the atomic number.

, the metallicity of the element decreases, and the non-metallic property increases; In the same family, from top to bottom, with the increase of atomic number, the metallicity of the element increases, and the non-metallicity decreases;

Oxidation of elemental and simple ions.

with reductivity. In the same cycle, from left to right, with the increase of atomic number, the oxidation of elemental matter is enhanced, and the reduction is weakened. The reducibility of the corresponding simple anion is weakened, and the simple cation.

Oxidation enhancement. In the same family, from top to bottom, with the increase of atomic number, the oxidation of elemental matter decreases and the reducibility increases. The reducibility of the corresponding simple anion is enhanced, and the oxidation of the simple cation is weakened. The stronger the reduction of elemental elements, the stronger the metallicity; The stronger the elemental oxidation, the stronger the non-metallic property.

The acidity and alkalinity of the hydrate corresponding to the most ** oxide.

In the same period, from left to right, the acidity of the hydrate corresponding to the most ** oxide of the element increases (the alkalinity decreases); In the same group, from top to bottom, the alkalinity of the hydrate corresponding to the most ** oxide of the element increases (weakens acidity).

The ease with which elemental matter can be combined with hydrogen.

In the same cycle, from left to right, as the atomic number increases, the easier it is to combine the elemental matter with hydrogen; In the same family, from top to bottom, as the atomic number increases, it is more difficult to combine elemental matter with hydrogen.

Stability of gaseous hydrides.

In the same period, from left to right, the stability of the elemental gaseous hydride increases as the atomic number increases. In the same family, from top to bottom, the stability of elemental gaseous hydrides decreases as the atomic number increases. In addition, there are some bases for judging the metallicity and non-metallicity of elements, which can be used as the periodic law.

Supplement: With the gradual change from empty to full orbital from left to right, the elements also gradually change from predominantly metallic to predominantly non-metallic. With the elements of the same family, due to the higher the period, the valence electrons.

, the easier it is to lose, so the elements below are generally more metallic than those above. The more basic the most ** hydroxide of the element, the stronger the metallicity of the element; The more acidic the hydroxide, the stronger the elemental non-metallic. The more stable the gaseous hydride of the element, the stronger the non-metallic property.

The elements of the same family are similar in nature. Atoms with the same valence electron configuration have the same theoretical tendency to gain or lose electrons, which is why the properties of elements of the same group are similar. The above rules do not apply to noble gases.

There are also some conclusions based on the periodic law: the stronger the metallicity of an element, the smaller its first ionization energy; The stronger the non-metallic nature, the greater its first electron affinity. Among the elements of the same period, the more "empty" the orbital, the more likely it is to lose electrons, and the more "full" the orbital, the easier it is to gain electrons.

From left to right in the periodic table, the metallicity of the elements decreases and the non-metallicity increases; The ability to lose electrons is weakened, and the ability to gain electrons is enhanced; The alkalinity of the hydrate of the most ** oxide is weakened and the acidity is enhanced; The easier it is for non-metals to be combined with hydrogen, the more stable the hydrides produced.

The following are the first 20 elements.

Numbers 1 to 20 are listed from left to right:

H hydrogen, HE, helium, Li, beryllium, B boron. C carbon, N nitrogen, o oxygen, f fluorine, ne neon.

Na sodium, mg magnesium, al aluminum, si silicon, p phosphorus. S sulfur, Cl chlorine, Ar argon, K potassium, Ca calcium.

From left to right:

IA (1st main group), IIA (2nd main group), IIIB (3rd subfamily), IVB (4th subgroup titanium subgroup), VB (5th subgroup vanadium subgroup), VIB (6th subgroup chromium subgroup), VIIB (7th subgroup manganese subgroup), VIII (8th group), IB (1st subgroup copper), IIB (2nd subgroup zinc), IIIA (3rd main group Boron), IVA (4th main group carbon), VA (5th main group nitrogen), VIA (6th main group oxygen), VIIA (7th main group), O (zero group).

Description] 1There are 16 groups in the periodic table, of which there are 7 major and 7 minor groups, one eighth group and one zero group.

The general way to write a family is that the Roman numeral + a (for the main family) or b (for the secondary family), and the zero family element is represented by the Arabic numeral "0", as above. It should be noted that the elements of the eighth group do not belong to the primary or secondary group, so there is only the Roman numeral "viii" and no a bThe same is true for the Zero element.

When using Chinese expressions, the family number should be in Chinese characters (zero, one, two,...) and indicate the primary and secondary families.

iia iiib and iib iiia are the dividing lines between the primary and secondary families.

2.The first main group is a metallic element except for H, which is called alkali gold Jingzheng element; The second main group is all metallic elements, called alkaline earth metallic elements.

The family viib can be named "a certain subfamily" in the way of representing the element + subfamily, that is, "scandium subgroup" and "manganese subgroup", but the expression of "scandium subgroup" is rare.

The family via family can also be named "a certain family" in a way that represents the element + family, that is, "copper group" and "oxygen group".

The group is also known as the "halogen group" because the elements in this group can form anoxic salts ("halogen" means "salt"), such as table salt nacl

6.The zero group elements were formerly known as "noble gas elements", but are now called "noble gas elements".

7.Group 8 elements occupy three columns of the periodic table (represented by iron, cobalt, and nickel, respectively), and the other groups each occupy one column.

In order, the following table is the lead scale:

Element position inference:

According to the inference of the types of elements contained in each period, the atomic number is subtracted by the number of elements contained in each period, and when the result is "0", it is the zero group. When it is a positive number, it is the vertical row of the number from left to right in the periodic table, and if it is "2", it is the second vertical row from left to right in the periodic table change, that is, the group a; When negative, its main family ordinal is 8+ result.

Therefore, the number of elements of each cycle should be memorized, i.e. .

For example, the position of element 114 in the periodic table is 114 2 8 8 18 18 32 32 = 4, 8 + ( 4) = 4, which is the seventh period, group a.

The position of element 75 in the periodic table is 75-2-8-8-18-18 = 21, 21-14 = 7, which is the sixth period, group b.

Element 1. hydrogen qīng; Element 2: helium hài; Element 3: lithium lǐ ; Element 4: Beryllium pí; Element 5: boron péng;

Element 6. carbon tàn; Element 7: nitrogen dàn; Element 8: oxygen yǎng; Element 9: fluorine fú;

Element 10: neon nǎi; Element 11: sodium nà; Element 12: magnesium měi; Element 13: Aluminum lǔ;

Element 14: silicon gūi; Element 15.

phosphorus líng ; Element 16: sulfur liú; Element 17.

chlorine lù; No. 18 Yuan Annition: Argon yà; Element 19.

potassium jiǎ; Element 20.

calcium gài; Element 21: Scandium kàng;

Element 22: titanium tài; Element 23: vanadium fán; Element 24.

chromium gè; Element 25: manganese měng;

Element 26: iron tiě; Element 27: Cobalt gū.