How did Confucianism change in the Song Dynasty and its impact on education?

In the Song Dynasty, the trend of "three religions in one" of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism permeated all areas of social life. In order to revive Confucianism, Confucian scholars in the Tang and Song dynasties absorbed and integrated Buddhist and Taoist thoughts, enriching and updating the Confucian system. During the Song Dynasty, Confucianism established a conceptual system with "reason" or "heavenly principle" as the core, so it was called "science".

The representative figures are Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi (Ercheng), and Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty, and their Neo-Confucianism is collectively known as "Cheng Zhu Lixue".

1. Reason is the origin of the world and the universal principle that all things in the world must follow. It is embodied in the society is Confucian morality and ethics, and it is embodied in human nature.

2. Grasp "reason" (not the exploration of objective laws and truths) through the knowledge of things

3. Preserve the principles of heaven and destroy people's desires.

Cheng Zhu Lixue adapted to the needs of the rule, and the Yuan Dynasty once used Zhu Xi's "Annotations on the Collection of Four Books and Chapters and Sentences" as the content of the imperial examination, which established the dominant position of Lixue in the ideological circle in the early Ming Dynasty and became a stepping stone for people to seek fame in the imperial examination.

Lu Wang Xinxue. 1. Lu Jiuyuan of the Southern Song Dynasty proposed that "the heart is reason", and the heart is the source of all things in heaven and earth, so his thought is called "heart science". He proposed the method of "inventing the original mind" to seek reason (which is different from the knowledge of things).

The mainstream of philosophy in the Song Dynasty was a special form of Confucian philosophy, also known as Taoism. Because the main content discussed by physicists is the study of righteousness and life, it is called science. It is an ideological system that integrates the trinity of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Shi Jie, Hu Ming, and Sun Fu were known as the three gentlemen of science, but the actual founders were the five sons of the Northern Song Dynasty, namely Shao Yong, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, and Cheng Yi. Zhou Dunyi was the founder of Song Dynasty, he integrated Taoist Wuwei thought and Confucian moderation thought, and expounded the basic concepts and ideological system of science. Shao Yong is the founder of the science of innate phenomena and numbers, and has made it an important part of the scientific system of thought.

Zhang Zai developed the idea of qi monism and was the integrator of the ancient Chinese dialectical doctrine of duality. The Ercheng brothers were important representatives of science, and they laid the foundation for the thought of science in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song ** thought takes reason as the origin of all things, also known as heavenly principles, and recognizes the changes of things.

However, he believes that this is due to the mysterious power of reason, and also expounds on issues such as the relationship between heaven and man, and adheres to the proposition that heaven and man are in harmony. In terms of epistemology, it attaches more importance to the exquisite transcendental epistemology, and takes the knowledge of objects as the basic proposition concept, and stresses the exhaustive reason. Southern Song Dynasty scholars Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan were the developers of science.

Zhu Xi is also the master of physical thought, and has made special contributions to the improvement and elaboration of the physical system. He inherited the thought of Ercheng, believing that reason is the basis of existence, and material qi is secondary, "'Reason comes first, qi comes later' although there is no thing but there is the reason of things" ("Zhu Zi's Language"), and the highest state of reason is Taiji. However, he also believes that if there is no reason, there will be no existence, and if there is no reason, there can be no existence, and the two are closely related.

Lu Jiuyuan was an important representative of the subjective idealist school of science, and his ideas were mostly opposed to Zhu Xi, and the two had heated debates. He objected to Zhu Xi's idea of reading and reasoning, observing all things to exhaust reason, believing that these were all fragmented careers, and put forward the proposition that "the heart is reason". With "the universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe" as the core, the proposition of learning from things has become easy to simplify, advocating the original intention of the inventor, and opposing writing and winning books.

Wang Yangming was the representative of Ming **xue, and he basically inherited the ideas of Lu Jiuyuan's school, which had a huge impact on future generations.

Reason: (Background) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism prevailed, Taoism spread, and Confucianism developed newly. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, there was a trend of the integration of the three versions of religion.

1. While attacking Buddhism and Taoism, Confucianism integrates Buddhism and Taoism to explain Confucian principles, forming a neo-Confucian system with reason as the core - Lixue. 2. The relatively relaxed cultural and ideological atmosphere of the Song Dynasty provided an environment for the revival of Confucianism; 3. Confucian students in the Song Dynasty actively participated in practice, such as Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, etc.; 4. It meets the needs of the rulers and is of great help to strengthen the ideological management of society.

Performance: Representative figures: Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi.

Ercheng proposed that all things are just one heavenly principle, and heavenly principles are the origin of all things.

Zhu Xi's influence is that with the formation of Zhu Xi's system of science as a symbol, the development of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty has become complete, and the goal of the revival of Confucianism has finally been completed. From the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's status and influence continued to rise, and finally occupied a dominant position in the ideological and academic circles, and rose to become the official ideology, influencing Chinese society for hundreds of years, and playing a decisive role in shaping the national spirit and forming values.

The development of the commercial economy in the Song Dynasty and the aggravation of internal contradictions in society were all important factors in destroying the feudal order. Vigorously advocating Confucianism is precisely a necessary means to strengthen the control of feudal thoughts. However, like all systems of thought with a long tradition, Confucianism has been interpreted differently in different eras and according to different political needs.

The ancient literary movement that arose during the Song Renzong period in conjunction with Fan Zhongyan's political innovation, and Wang Anshi's reform during the Shenzong period, were both flaunted by Confucianism. The forces that oppose innovation and reform also look to Confucianism for their theoretical basis. As a result, the ideological differentiation and school disputes that appeared under the banner of Confucian retro became a distinctive feature of the academic thought of the Song Dynasty.

Although there were many Confucian schools in the Song Dynasty, they generally emphasized "self-cultivation, family harmony, governing the country, and leveling the world", or "governing the country" and "leveling the world", or "self-cultivation" and self-cultivation, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, etc. belong to the former; The latter was represented by Ercheng and Zhang Zai, which formed the school of science in the Song Dynasty, and then divided into the Zhu Lu Controversy in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Song Ming Lixue. During the Tang and Song dynasties, Confucian scholars proposed "three religions in one".

Confucianists in the Northern Song Dynasty began to revive Confucianism, and their activities to criticize Buddhism and Taoism broke through the shackles of Confucianism in the Han and Tang dynasties, forming a new Confucianism system centered on reason, Lixue. Among them, Cheng Hao of the Northern Song Dynasty. Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty have the most outstanding achievements, that is, "Cheng Zhu Lixue".

Lu Wang Xinxue. Lu Jiuyuan.

1.As the origin of all things in the universe, the heart proposes that the heart is reason; 2.You just need to reflect on your heart to get the heavens.

Wang Yangming. 1.preaching "nothing outside the heart"; 2.put forward the idea of "To Conscience" to further exert the idea of Confucianism; 3."Unity of knowledge and action" emphasizes self-initiative and encourages hard work.

Song Ming Lixue. Represented by Zhu Xi, Chen Yi and Chen Hao brothers, he put forward the theory of rationality and developed Confucianism.

It is required to be a person and do things to be knowledgeable, and to think that the director is the origin of all things.

It belongs to the category of objective idealism.

Zhu Xi compiled the "Annotations on the Collection of Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books", annotating the discourses of "University", "Mencius", "Analects", and "Zhongyong".

Later, Wang Yangming and Lu Jiuyuan developed objective idealism into subjective idealism and put forward the study of mind. Advocate that there is nothing outside the heart, there is no reason outside the heart, as long as self-reflection is enough.

Similarities:

1. They are the mainstream of ancient Chinese traditional culture and the feudal orthodoxy at that time.

2. All emphasize "propriety", "benevolence", as well as "three outlines and five constants", and "divine authority of monarchy".

and other claims. 3. They have absorbed the excellent ideas of other schools to strengthen Confucianism and enrich the ideological connotation of Confucianism.

4. They all serve the ruling class, achieve ideological unity, and thus promote political unity.

5. The content of Confucianism is constantly improved, so that Confucianism conforms to the trend of the times and continues to progress and develop.

Differences between Confucianism in the Han Dynasty and Song Dynasty:

Song Dynasty: There are many branches of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, mainly Cheng Zhu Lixue and Lu Wang Xinxue.

All emphasize the ethics and morality (main ideas) of the "Three Principles and Five Constants".

Absorb the positive and rational elements of other schools and religions to make the Confucian system more complete and more suitable for the needs (characteristics) of society

All of them have become the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture, and the orthodoxy (status) of feudal rule has used ideological unity to achieve political unity (purpose) Confucianism in the Han Dynasty: Neo-Confucianism founded by Dong Zhongshu. The meaning is to blend some ideas of Taoism, Legalism, and Yin-Yang into Confucianism.

Confucianism in the Song Dynasty: Generally known as Song and Ming Dynasty science, because its representatives include Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, so it is also known as Cheng Zhu science, and then there is a new development of Lu Wang Xinxue. The meaning is to break through the shackles of Confucianism in the Han and Tang dynasties, integrate Buddhist and Taoist theories, increase the theoretical and speculative, and form a neo-Confucian system with reason as the core - "Lixue".

Since Dong Zhongshu and later in the Han Dynasty, "Neo-Confucianism" has been used more and more frequently, and Confucianism in the Song Dynasty is a peak in the history of the development of Confucianism in China.

The purpose is to maintain the rule of the feudal monarchy and strengthen the centralization of power. Ideologically, they all emphasize the three outlines and five constants, imprison the people's minds, and maintain the feudal ruling order.

Respect for Confucius, mainly to serve the imperial power, emphasizing the unity of heaven and man, attaching importance to the concept of the country, and putting righteousness first.

Reasons: 1. While Confucianism criticizes Buddhism and Taoism, Yinbo integrates Buddhism and Taoism to explain Confucian doctrine and form a neo-Confucian system with reason as the core.

2. The relatively relaxed cultural and ideological atmosphere of the Song Dynasty provided an environment for the revival of Confucianism;

3. Confucian students in the Song Dynasty actively participated in practice, such as Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, etc.;

4. It meets the needs of the rulers and is of great help to strengthen the ideological management of society.

Representative figures: Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi.

Ercheng proposed that all things are just one heavenly principle, and heavenly principles are the origin of all things.

Zhu Xi's influence was that with the formation of Zhu Xi's system of science as a symbol, the development of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty had become complete, and the goal of the revival of Confucianism had finally been completed.

From the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's status and influence continued to rise, and finally occupied a dominant position in the ideological and academic circles, and rose to become the official ideology, influencing Chinese society for hundreds of years, and playing a decisive role in shaping the national spirit and forming values.