What are Hume s four philosophical ideas, Hume s three questions?

Hume. The philosophical ideas are mainly embodied in the following aspects:

Clause. 1. Empiricism.

Basic Principles. That is to say, the idea of all the meaningful ideas that exist is its corresponding impression, and he also gives corresponding explanations for impressions and concepts. "Impressions" are the various internal and external sensations that happen around us, including what we hear, see, like, dislike, and so on.

There are two kinds of impressions, one is the sensory impression, which is the most intuitive reaction in our minds without knowing it; The other is the introspective impression, which means that they arise before the corresponding idea in our mind, and appear after the sensory impression, but they are the same as the sensory impression

Clause. 2. Moderate skepticism.

Hume was skeptical of the problem of sensations, and in his view the sensations we possess are unknowable. In his opinion, only the ** who constantly pursues the sensation can reasonably explain the sensory experience, and in his opinion, the feeling ** itself can be explained.

Clause. 3. Agnosticism.

Agnosticism in Hume's philosophical thought is mainly divided into two aspects, namely, the unknowability of material objects and whether God really exists, and empirical causality.

Whether it exists. Clause.

4. The doctrine of cause and effect. After studying experience and causality, Hume came up with the corresponding **, which, in his view, was man's habit and experience, and of course he applied it to the philosophical thought of the self.

Skepticism is a very important force in Western philosophical thought, because it leads to in-depth thinking about phenomena, existence, thinking, consciousness, language, etc., and skepticism has also deeply influenced later philosophers.

Hume's three questions are as follows:

1. Causal issues

Hume pointed out that most people believe that as long as one thing comes with another, there must be a connection between the two things, so that the latter accompanies the former, Hume refuted this theory in his Treatise on Human Nature and later in his Treatise on Human Understanding, pointing out that while we can observe that one thing comes with another, we cannot observe any connection between two things.

According to his skeptical epistemology, we can only trust what we have gained from our observations.

2. Inductive problems

In A Theory of Human Understanding, Hume pointed out that all human thinking activities can be divided into two types: the pursuit of "relation of ideas" and "matters of fact." The former involves abstract logical concepts and mathematics, and is mainly based on intuition and logical deduction. The latter is mainly based on the study of real-world situations.

3. The question of what should be and what is true

Hume believes that we cannot deduce the value proposition from the factual proposition of whether it should or not, and the two cannot achieve a leap forward, because it lacks corresponding explanations, and also lacks logical basis and argumentation, which also shows the relationship between natural science and social science, because value has multiplicity and relativity, so social science is generally subjective, ambiguous and ambiguous.

Hume's induction

Induction, which is the main feature of modern science, is doubtful of the rationality of induction, because induction is based on which a priori facts cannot be deduced from unknown facts, because they have nothing to do with each other, as the question of cause and effect suggests.

Secondly, the inductive method itself has its limitations, the inductive method is a logical method to deduce general conclusions from individual knowledge, and it is impossible for experience to be exhausted, so the universality of the scientific propositions formed by the inductive method itself cannot be established, otherwise it will cause the "white swan fallacy".

So is induction reliable? Hume believes that we cannot deduce the value proposition from the factual proposition of whether it should or not, and the two cannot achieve a leap forward, because it lacks corresponding explanations, and also lacks logical basis and argumentation, which also shows the relationship between natural science and social science, because value has multiplicity and relativity, so social science is generally subjective, ambiguous and ambiguous.

First, suspicion of causality.

The use of skepticism to understand the world and human beings themselves is mainly embodied in the suspicion and refutation of cause and effect. The essence of what people usually call causality is the "constant connection" of two things, which creates people's experience and forms mental habits. It is not a cause and effect relationship between one thing and another.

Therefore, he said, causality is the result of people's developed psychology and human nature, not the essence of things.

Some philosophers after Hume, such as Robert. Russell, on the other hand, completely discarded the concept of causality and dismissed it as a superstition. But here again the question arises, where does the perception of the "constant connection" of cause and effect come from?

What kind of connection can you recognize? This question later gave rise to a debate by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

Hume believed that human beings have an instinct that depends on cause and effect, and that this instinct comes from habits developed in the nervous system and is rooted in people's brains, and it is impossible to deduce and generalize its correctness.

Second, practice rational thinking.

Reason, he argues, is simply a calculation of concepts and experiences.

Whether the behavior is reasonable or not depends on whether the predetermined goals and desires can be achieved, and in this process, reason is only a medium and a tool. But reason itself cannot in turn direct the very nature of desire and purpose.

Speaking of which, human desires and ends are born from sensation and sensibility, not from reason at all.

1. The problem of cause and effect: Hume disagrees with the idea that as long as one thing accompanies or comes with another, there must be a correlation between the two things, so that the latter accompanies the former;

2. Inductive Problem: In the book "Theory of Human Understanding", Hume argues that all human thinking activities can be divided into two kinds, the pursuit of "conceptual connection" and "actual truth". The former involves abstract logical concepts and mathematics, and is mainly based on intuition and logical deduction, while the latter is mainly concerned with the study of real-world situations.

3. Ego theory: Hume pointed out that we usually assume that we are the same as we were five years ago, although we have changed in many ways, and that we were the same person as we were five years ago. We will also think about the extent to which time can change a person's inner self without changing himself;

David Hume: Born 26 April 1711 and died 25 August 1776, was a Scottish agnostic philosopher, economist, and historian, who is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of the Scottish Enlightenment and Western philosophy.

Because a pure philosopher, he almost knows that people live in this world, the so-called "meaningful" and the so-called "meaningless".

But you can't stab it, it's all broken, and if it's broken, it's not interesting.

To not pierce is to maintain between reason, virtue and daily life, a feeling of being born to live in the world as a human being.

It is no wonder that maintaining the degree of moderation has existed in China for such a long time as Qi Zhengzhong's "value", and has formed its huge consensus system.

Hume himself chose to live a "modest" life when he established a system of skepticism.