List the important changes that have taken place in Western culture since the 18th century more tha

Since the 18th century, there have been many important changes in Western culture, and here are some of them:

1.Enlightenment: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there was an Enlightenment movement in Europe with rationalism at its core. The movement emphasized human reason and the scientific method, advocating the replacement of religious beliefs and superstitions with knowledge, reason, science, and humanism.

2.Industrial Revolution: Beginning in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, an industrial revolution took place in Western countries. This revolution led to a great change in the mode of production, promoted the process of industrialization, and changed people's lifestyles and values.

3.Democratization Movement: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a democratization movement in Western countries. The movement gave impetus to the reform of the political system, promoted the democratization process and enabled more people to participate in political decision-making.

4.Modernist Cultural Movement: In the early 20th century, there was a modernist cultural movement in Western countries. With its emphasis on individuality, freedom, and iconoclasm, the movement promoted the development of fields such as art, literature, and cinema.

5.Globalization: Since the 20th century, globalization has become an important trend in Western culture. Globalization has promoted exchange and integration in the economic, political and cultural spheres, bringing countries and cultures closer together.

Yunnan University of Finance and Economics.

It is manifested in literature, astronomical calendar, geoscience, mathematics, physics and machinery.

In literature, Matteo Ricci is the author of the book "The Miracle of Western Characters", which is a reading of Chinese characters in Latin pinyin. Later, there was a book by Trigault Nicolas "Western Confucian Ears and Eyes", which also talks about Latin pinyin and phonetics, and its organization is more complete than the miracle of Western characters, which is the earliest work of Westerners to introduce Latin. At that time, many Chinese scholars were influenced by it, and Fang Yizhi wrote a well-rounded and elegant work, that is, he quoted the book.

The astronomical calendar, a large number of Western missionaries poured into China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the greatest contribution to China was astronomy and calendar. Introducing the translation of the Western astronomical calendar, the important works are "Qiankun Tiyi" and "Hun Gai Tongxian Diagram" co-authored by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao, and Xu Guangqi and other clergy jointly translated and narrated "The Finger of the Sun Calendar", "The Theory of Measuring the Heavens", "The Measurement of the Whole Meaning", "The Finger of the Stellar Calendar", "The Finger of the Lunar Calendar", "The Finger of the Eclipse Calendar", and the "Calendar Yuan" written by Li Tianjing.

Geoscience, the first to introduce the knowledge of modern world maps to China, is Matteo Ricci's "Kunyu Map". Julius's "The Outer Chronicles of the Staff" was written in the third year of the Heavenly Release. Nan Huairen's "Kunyu Quantu" was completed in the thirteenth year of Kangxi.

Mathematics, the earliest translation into Chinese in mathematics is the Greek mathematician Euclid (Euclides) "Geometric Originals", which was co-translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangfang. Physical Machinery, "Illustrated Strange Instruments in the Far West" is the first book on mechanics in China, and it is also the first book to specifically introduce Western physics. The original book was dictated by Deng Yuhan, and edited and illustrated by Wang Zheng.

Because at this time, the emergence of capitalism led to the Qing Dynasty's decision to close itself.

In the history of Chinese civilization and even in the world, it is a significant and far-reaching part.

It had a great impact on the ideology of the literati and scholars at that time, and the ideas of capitalism at that time were even better, and accelerated the transformation of our history.

This cultural exchange between China and the West had a huge impact on the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it was an opportunity for learning and exchange.

The spread of Western culture to the east and Chinese culture to the west attracted and influenced many emperors and intellectuals of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

There have been great changes in thinking, and the various schools of thought are uneven, and their influence is very great.

During this period, there were frequent cultural exchanges between China and the West, and Western missionaries came to the East to bring Chinese culture to Europe again.

In order to break this one-way trend, Professor Zhang Xiping has worked tirelessly for more than 20 years, taking cultural consciousness and theoretical consciousness as the primary premise.

Summary. Why Western culture in the 19th and early 20th centuries became a tradition? From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, some Western countries produced scientific management and formed classical management theories with their own characteristics. Become a tradition.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Xiheng potato culture became a tradition. From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, some Western countries produced scientific management and formed the classical management theory with its own characteristics. Become a tradition.

Can you elaborate on that?

The concept of Western cultural communication is simple and easy to understand, but it is not broad and profound. They only have a simple understanding of the interests of the Gao tremor people, and they pay attention to the advantages and avoid the disadvantages. So, their culture is based on simplicity and practicality.

It is the simplicity of culture that makes it easy to reach consensus. It is precisely the practicality of culture that makes it easy to achieve development.

In the 17th century, Europe was in the stage of the dissolution of feudal society and the rise of capitalism.

On the economic front, the technological progress of agriculture, handicrafts and the development of the commodity economy gave rise to the germ of capitalism on the Mediterranean coast and in some parts of north-western Europe. In the initial stage of the capitalist mode of production—and in the midst of prosperity—the factory handicraft industry flourished. The seafaring ** began to be dense.

The fundamental reason for the emergence of the Renaissance was the emergence of a new bourgeoisie. The Renaissance brought about the revival of human nature, the gradual liberation of people from spiritual shackles, the great increase in creativity and productivity, the unprecedented development of science and culture, and the necessary preparations for the development of capitalism and the bourgeois revolution. As a result, the great geographical discoveries that followed, prompted the process of European civilization to enter a new era.

The seventeenth century is indistinguishable from the Renaissance.

The Renaissance was a European intellectual and cultural movement that flourished from the 14th to the 17th centuries.

The Renaissance refers to an ideological and cultural movement that arose in Italian cities at the end of the 13th century and later spread to Western European countries, and flourished in Europe in the 16th century.

Factors that contributed to the transformation of European art in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included (acd

a.Social unrest, sharp class contradictions

b.The economy withered.

c.The invention of the camera

d.Get rid of the classicist approach

The emergence of new art schools is a continuous occurrence in itself, and new art schools appear in almost every era, but some times are more intensive, and some are more slow. The reason for this has a lot to do with the development process of human civilization.

When society develops to a certain stage and people have a new understanding of the world, new art schools will inevitably be born. For example, in the classical period, the main content of art was mostly the deification of legends, and in the medieval period, most of the works of art were related to religion.

The 19th century to the 20th century was a wonderful era for the European art and fighting schools: romantic art, neoclassical art, impressionist art, post-impressionist art, modernist art, and so on (these are far-reaching influences, and there are many famous schools).

The fundamental reason for this lies in the fact that since the end of the 18th century, Europe, as the West, has entered an era of violent social turmoil, and the bourgeois revolution represented by France has vigorously defeated the feudal monarchy in Europe.

The social turmoil caused people to no longer submit to the oppression of theocracy and monarchy, and pursued the freedom of the mind and the emancipation of individuality, which gave rise to many new cultural currents, which prompted artists to think about their own society, environment and even the whole world.

The Industrial Revolution in Europe led to the development of science and technology, brought new disciplinary theories, and provided powerful material evidence for people to overthrow the superstitious ideas of the old system and establish a new world view. These new ideas and things have brought about a great change in the artists' view of art.

In the art world, it is not uncommon to oppose conservative and outdated academic art. Neoclassicism and Romanticism are the artistic genres that emerged from this trend of thought. Their intellectual, subjective or objective artistic pursuits are different from the previous classical academic artistic thoughts.

The scientific observation of nature by Impressionism and the subjective judgment of post-Impressionist art on the form of the work itself are even more "deviant". Modernist art and postmodernism abandoned the previous notion that art was a depiction of the slippery existence of the self, and gave birth to abstract art and conceptual art.

In general, the birth of new artistic schools stems from new ideas, and new ideas and understandings are related to social changes. The 19th and 20th centuries were a time when human society and the world pattern changed dramatically, so many new art schools emerged.

Factors that contributed to the transformation of European art from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century included () auction losses.

a.Social unrest, sharp class contradictions

b.The economy withered.

c.The invention of the camera

d.Get rid of the classicist approach

Correct Answer: Late-handed ACD

Question C Analysis: The prompt time for this question is "17th and 18th centuries", during which capitalism in Europe was developed, and in 1640, including England, it happened.

The bourgeois revolution, which overthrew the feudal rule of the country and established the bourgeois rule of the constitutional monarchy, led the trend of historical development in the world at that time.