Is it a chemical change to make bronzes, and what are the raw materials of bronzes?

Bronze making is a chemical change. Bronzes belong to alloys, and they need to pass through the metal smelting stage and new substances are generated, so smelting metals belong to chemical changes.

In ancient China, natural copper was originally used, and copper and tin alloys could be smelted by fire in the early Shang Dynasty.

of bronze. The process of smelting bronze is more complicated, presumably by adding the selected ore to the flux and then placing it in the furnace.

The first thing that appeared in China was small tools or ornaments. The Xia Dynasty began to have bronze vessels and weapons. By the middle Shang period, the variety of bronzes was already abundant, and inscriptions and fine patterns appeared. Late Shang to Western Zhou.

In the early period, it was the heyday of the development of bronze ware, with a variety of types, thick and dignified, the inscriptions gradually lengthened, and the patterns were rich and rich.

The bronze carcass began to thin and the ornamentation gradually simplified. From the late Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, due to the popularization and use of ironware, copper tools became less and less. Qin and Han dynasties.

As pottery and lacquerware entered daily life, the variety of copper vessels decreased, the decoration was simple, most of them were plain, and the carcass became thinner.

The bronze artifact is a copper-tin alloy, which is a mixture of copper and tin, so it is not a chemical change.

Bronze casting is not a chemical change, but bronze is not cyan when it is produced. To be precise, the bronze of our unearthed cultural relics is the bronze after rusting, and the rust of bronze is a chemical change.

If you want to be more specific, you can ask again

In fact, the main raw materials of bronze ware are copper and tin, but due to the different casting objects, there will be different proportions between copper and tin!

1. The "Six Qi" of "Zhou Li: Examination of Work".

There are six Qi in gold: there are two ways to say "gold" here: one refers to bronze, and the other refers to pure copper. The "Qi" here is the same as the dosage of "agent", which refers to the amount of copper and tin.

Six points of its gold and tin are one, which is called the Qi of the bell and the ding; <>

Five points of gold and tin are one, which is called the Qi of the axe;

Four points of its gold and tin are one, which is called the Qi of the halberd;

Three points of its gold and tin are one, which is called the Qi of the big blade;

Five points of gold and tin are two, which is called the Qi of cutting and killing;

The gold and tin are half, and it is said to be the Qi of the Sui. ”

This is a record of the bronze alloy configuration technology known in the pre-Qin period, according to Guo Moruo's research, this should be the official book of the Spring and Autumn Qi Kingdom.

2. The controversy over "Jin has six qi".

It is believed that "gold" refers to bronze, and the so-called "six points of gold and tin are one" is to divide the bronze alloy into six equal parts, bronze accounts for five, tin accounts for one, copper-tin ratio is 5 to 1, and so on.

It is believed that "gold" refers to pure copper, and the so-called "six points of gold and tin is one" is to divide the bronze alloy into seven equal parts, bronze accounts for six, tin accounts for one, copper-tin ratio is 6 to 1, and so on.

As for the "gold-tin half", one believes that bronze and tin are each half, and the copper-tin ratio is 1 to 1; Another view is "gold, tin half", that is, the copper-tin alloy is divided into three parts, tin is half of bronze, and the copper-tin ratio is 2 to 1.

3. Archaeological materials and experimental evidence

Through the experimental research of scholars on the unearthed bronzes, it has been shown that

The bell and the axe are the same, and the first copper-tin ratio is close.

The halberd, the cutting arrow, and the Qi of the Sui are close to the second copper-tin ratio.

The tin content of both explanations is high.

The gold and tin of the Qi of the Sui are half, and it is more appropriate to account for 33 of the second kind of tin.

In fact, in many cases, the physical object cannot be completely consistent with the record, because in the process of bronze casting and smelting, there will be many influencing variables, which need to be considered from many aspects, and cannot be limited to the literal calculation of percentages in the "Examination of the Gongji: Liuqi".

It is an alloy of three metals: copper, tin and lead.

Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and many other metals.

Early Shang Dynasty:

Container Tin Bronze: The tin content is higher than that of the Xia Dynasty, but it is still moderate.

Ternary Bronze: Low or medium tin-lead content. High lead is present. The lead content in bronze ware is much higher than that of tin tools: (only one in Panlongcheng) has a medium tin content and a low lead content.

Late Shang Dynasty: Containers: Tin and bronze ware: as the main component, with high tin content and medium and high grade as more ternary bronze: the status is inferior to tin bronze, of which high tin and medium tin content are the vast majority, and the tin content of bronze is higher than lead.

Lead bronze: a small amount, with a high lead content.

**: Tin Bronze: is the main ingredient. The medium to high tin content is more ternary bronze: less, and the tin content is much lower.

Lead bronze: is another major ingredient. High lead and moderate lead content are multi-tools: Tin bronze: less, high tin content.

Three-element bronze: is the main ingredient. Those with high tin content and low lead content are Dosizhou containers:

Tin bronze: the status is inferior to ternary bronze, and the high tin content and medium high are the main components of multi-ternary bronze. High tin and medium tin content are the most high, and the tin content of bronze is higher than that of lead**: Tin bronze: Teachers and teachers have medium tin content.

Ternary bronze: is the main component, low or medium tin content, low lead, medium or high lead bronze: less. The lead content is high.

1. Fan casting method.

Fan casting method earlier, the most common application, Fan casting method is also known as mold casting method, first to make a mold with clay, sculpture of various patterns, inscriptions, after drying in the firing, make it a mother mold, and then to make a clay model with the mother mold, the same dry firing into the pottery fan, melt the alloy, pour the alloy into the pottery fan cavity into a vessel, and then clean up, polish and process after the bronze finished product.

2. Lost wax method.

The lost wax method is a precision casting method for bronze and other metal objects, in which beeswax is used to make a model of the casting, and then other refractory materials are used to fill the mud core and apply the outer model. After heating and baking, the wax model is all melted and lost, making the entire casting model an empty shell. Then the solution is poured inward, and it is cast into a utensil.

The utensils can be delicate and clear, with a hollow effect.

3. Muddy casting method.

The casting method of one-time casting and forming of utensils is called mud casting method. If the shape of the vessel is too large or the shape is too complex, it is necessary to divide the whole artifact into several pieces and cast them separately, and finally splice them into a whole, which is called the sub-casting method. When casting multiple smaller objects, multiple casting models are also stacked on top of each other, and copper water is poured from one gate to cast multiple objects at once, a process called stacked casting.

The stacked casting method is mostly used to mint coins and other small utensils, which appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and gradually became popular in the Han Dynasty.

Summary. Hello, according to my understanding, bronze can be used to cast bronze, as well as bronze living utensils, bronze is a product that can be used by the highest level of people in ancient times.

According to my understanding, the bronze of the Qingying Book can be used to cast bronze, as well as the bronze life utensils, and bronze is a product that can be used by the highest level of talents in ancient times.

What I want to ask about is industrial uses other than bronzes.

Industrial uses other than bronze can be used to make parts with high strength, high elasticity, high wear resistance, etc.