In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, coastal defense was a growing problem

The increasingly serious problem is the emptiness of coastal guard posts, the shortage of troops, and the decline in combat effectiveness. Jiajing.

Except for those who were conscripted and attached, both the Shu and the Battlements were forcibly recruited. They were reluctant to join the army in the first place, but under duress, they had to do it for generations. The monthly ration of the sergeants of the guard station was not enough to feed their wives and children, and the layers of exploitation of the officers caused them to have no money for medical treatment, and they could not afford to buy a coffin after death, and their wives and children were not clothed.

In order to obtain the shortfall of monthly rations and to solicit bribes, the officers often perfunctory their responsibilities to the fugitives, resulting in more and more soldiers fleeing. As the main military tun of the army, by the middle of Jiajing, due to the encroachment and transfer of tycoons and officers, pawn sales, and the flight of soldiers, it had been "buried more than half". There are only 40 people left in the six cantonment troops in Fujian, and there are more people in Funingwei, but only 717 people, which is short.

There are only 197 people left in Songmen, Zhejiang. Dengzhou, Shandong.

There are even fewer guards, with only 114 guards, and most of the other guards have just over 200. The reduction of the tuntian army reflected the destruction of the tuntian, and the destruction of the tuntian directly affected the army's food and salary, so that the garrison army was seriously deficient. In the twenty-eighth year of Jiajing (1549), Zhangzhou, Fujian Province sent less grain for 3 months, Tongshan.

20 months of missing expenses: 10 months of missing expenses of Quanzhou Gaopu and others. At that time, there was no shortage of guards in Fujian.

It was already difficult to make ends meet, and it could not be paid on time, so the soldiers could not live, so they fled to earn a living. In the middle of Jiajing, there were "one guard less than 1,000 people, and one less than 100 people". Archers of the Coastal Patrol Division.

The shortfall is also severe. 13 inspection divisions in Jiulong Town, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province are vacant; In the Ming Dynasty, there were 17 vacancies in the inspection department of coastal defense such as Quanzhou coastal Laixi, all of which were more than half.

Not only is the number of the garrison less than half of the original number, but the quality is also declining. Most of the remaining soldiers were tired, disabled, old and weak, and could not fight at all. In peacetime, there is very little training, and the soldiers are not accustomed to the ** in their hands, they do not know the battle formation, and they are undisciplined.

The officers of the guard are all hereditary, Hongwu.

The heroic spirit of the middle and lower-ranking officers in the years has long since ceased to exist, and most of them are the sons of the people, "who are deeply accustomed to the situation and have little heroic spirit." However, they were quite expert in encroaching on the tuntian, enlisting sergeants, taking bribes and selling them, and stealing monthly rations, and the entire garrison army became "an incompetent general and a soldier without control" and had no combat effectiveness.

Invasion by pirates, raiding by pirates.

Japanese Japanese pirates and some traitors who colluded with them.

Mainly because in the Ming and Qing dynasties, they didn't like foreign merchants to come to their own country, and you were afraid of their own country now, so it would be like this.

Mainly due to the seclusion of the country during the Ming and Qing dynasties, they thought that they were very powerful and did not need to communicate with the outside world, so they set up a sea ban.

Because of the feudal thinking at that time, I didn't want to have too much communication with the outside world; Prevent some coastal residents from colluding with the Japanese pirates.

Because of the isolation of the country. At that time, the rulers did not allow the state to interact with other countries.

1. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the border forces that affected the middle and late Ming Dynasty, in addition to the remnants of the Mengyuan forces in the inland north of the Ming Dynasty, were the "Japanese pirates" forces in the southeast coastal area.

2. The vanguard of Western colonialism.

At the end of the 15th century, with the New World of America.

With the discovery of the new shipping routes in the East and the opening of new shipping routes in the East, certain countries in Western Europe that had entered the stage of primitive capital accumulation were carrying out colonial expansion to the East. The first colonialists to come to China were Portugal.

Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom followed.

It was mainly Japan at that time! Qi Jiguang: I don't want to be a marquis, but I hope the sea will be peaceful.

In 1633, the Dutch made a comeback in order to monopolize China**.

Since Zheng He's navigation technology was lost, the Ming Dynasty ships could only go to Japan and Southeast Asia at most, and after the sea ban was opened, the Ming Dynasty was still unable to sail to the sea, which seriously hindered the active understanding of Western countries;

The loss of overseas markets will not be able to mobilize the domestic industrial chain through interaction with overseas markets, resulting in a situation of fiscal contraction, and once a natural disaster breaks out in China, there will not be enough gold and silver and other currencies to transfer materials and alleviate social conflicts;

After the switch of Longqing, it should bring a favorable situation different from the second point, but due to the loss of overseas experience for a long time and the lack of awareness of customs and taxation, foreign trade did not play a role in improving national finances, resulting in a tight financial situation, but accelerated the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

1.The first is to make the Ming Dynasty's finances very embarrassing. The sea ban is not really banned, but it just makes what is above ground become underground, and the country's original tax revenue cannot be collected.

Historians generally believe that the collapse of the Ming Dynasty was the main reason for the collapse of finances; The financial collapse of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the non-payment of taxes by the magnates, the Ming Dynasty's non-collection of commercial and mining taxes, and the lack of customs revenue due to the ban on the sea, were the main reasons.

2.The Ming Dynasty was plagued by the Japanese and had a great deal to do with the sea ban. Due to the ban on the sea, Japan needed Chinese goods to trade, and when it could not buy them, it had no choice but to use them. And if you succeed in grabbing once, you will rob ten times later.

3.The maritime ban policy caused the Ming Dynasty, the world's largest power at that time, to be absent in the Age of Discovery, resulting in the complete backwardness of China for the next three or four hundred years.

The economic, scientific, technological, cultural and technological exchanges between China and foreign countries were almost in the middle of the period, and Taiwan was lost in the late Ming Dynasty.

This is because the maritime ban policy has given rise to smuggling, which in turn has given rise to powerful smuggling syndicates. In this situation, overseas ** is naturally repeatedly banned, and the maritime ban policy has become useless.

At the beginning of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu, who was the founder of the regime, promulgated a rule that "no inch board is allowed to go to the sea". This provision was the earliest maritime ban. The reason why Ming Taizu promulgated such a regulation at the beginning of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty was that some feudal lords and pirates had been entrenched in the coastal area at that time to cause trouble.

After that, Ming Taizu successively ordered the abolition of the city department in many places, so as to further suppress the overseas **. In 1381 and 1390, Ming Taizu successively added two regulations: "prohibiting the people of the coastal sea from privately communicating with overseas countries" and "prohibiting the traffic of foreign domains". <>

With the promulgation of the above regulations, overseas ** is becoming more and more restricted, which is undoubtedly a very big blow to the coastal people. The so-called "relying on the sea to eat the sea", in addition to fishing for a living, the coastal people are also a very important livelihood for them to carry out overseas **. The maritime ban policy promulgated by the imperial court will undoubtedly greatly reduce the economic income of the coastal people, and some people will still secretly go overseas in order to protect their own economic interests.

After learning of this situation, the imperial court adopted more severe penalties to try to put an end to this kind of behavior, but the private overseas ** incident is still repeatedly prohibited. Not only that, but the behavior of private overseas ** has become more and more intense with the development of time, and even a powerful smuggling group has emerged.

By the time of the Jiajing period, the maritime ban policy promulgated by the imperial court had become null and void due to the frequent occurrence of private smuggling. At the time of the pretence, there was a smuggling team led by Wang Zhi in the coastal area, which not only numbered hundreds of thousands of members, but also had very close ties with the Japanese pirates. In this situation, even though the imperial court repeatedly launched military strikes against them, it was never able to destroy their existence.

As a result, smuggling has always existed. Not only that, between the conflict between the imperial court and the smuggling group, the Jiajing period also broke out in the "Wako Rebellion" that lasted for more than 40 years. <

After Ming Muzong ascended the throne, the emperor realized the drawbacks of the maritime ban policy due to the outbreak and continuation of the "Wako Rebellion", and he began to adjust the policy. In 1567, Ming Muzong officially ordered the abolition of the maritime ban policy. With the lifting of this ban, private ** behavior, which was originally classified as smuggling, began to become a legal act.

However, when Muzon fully opened up overseas, he only forbade the people to have contacts with Japan. If someone violates the regulations and engages with Japan**, he will be directly punished for the crime of "complication".

Because they still have a lot of goods exchanged, and there is no prohibition, so this thing is nothing.

Because at that time, many people would have smuggling behavior, and there was collusion between the government and the people.

The Ming Dynasty began to order the implementation of the sea ban from the time of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanxian Kaizhang in order to prevent the intrusion of pirates. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the most frequent travel on the sea was numerous, and the sea ban policy was gradually relaxed.

The Ming Dynasty maritime ban is the general name of a series of restrictive policies on maritime affairs carried out by the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century.

During the Hongwu period, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the implementation of a sea ban in order to prevent the coastal warlord Yu Dang and pirates from harassing him. In the early days, the main object of the sea ban was commerce (commercial ban), which prohibited Chinese from doing business overseas, and also restricted foreign merchants from going to China for ** (except for tribute). [1] During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, although Zheng He had the feat of going to the West, only the tribute** was released, and private people were still not allowed to go to sea.

Later, with the plague of the Japanese invaders, the maritime ban policy became more and more stringent, which played a role in self-protection, but greatly hindered the development of Sino-foreign exchanges.

During the Longqing period, the Ming Dynasty adjusted the policy and allowed the private sector to go overseas for business, which was known as the "Longqing switch" in history. The lifting of the maritime ban has opened up a new situation for Sino-foreign exchanges and exchanges.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, it was the monopoly of big businessmen, big landlords, and big forces, and they were not allowed to be touched by others.

Delay the invasion of Western colonists and the invasion of Japanese invaders, but the most important thing is the idea of valuing agriculture and suppressing commerce, the Ming Dynasty is in a period of decline of the feudal system, from the perspective of feudal rulers This is very normal, with a certain role in maintaining feudal rule.

I think the biggest significance is that it can ensure the peace of the Ming Dynasty for a while, and play a certain role in resisting the colonial expansion of the West.

Positive significance; To a certain extent, it helled the invasion of external forces, such as pirates and pirates.

negative significance; Blocking the communication between China and the West and hindering the first is that China has begun to lose touch with the world, and it is an important reason for the backwardness of modern China.

Mainly for the prevention of widows.

The plague of the Japanese invaders existed as early as the Yuan Dynasty; After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan, he ordered an attack on Japan, but failed one after another; Later, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an order to list Japan as one of the countries that would never be attacked.