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After the founding of the Mongol state, in the 40 years from 1219 to 1260 AD, it carried out three large-scale westward expeditions and established a huge empire, which had a profound and far-reaching impact on world history.
The First Western Expedition (1219-1225) In 1219 AD, Genghis Khan, in order to eliminate the remnants of the Nabarian tribe and eliminate the powerful Khorazm in the Western Regions, used Khorezm to kill the Mongol caravan and its envoys, and personally led an army of 200,000 to the west. His four sons, Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedai, and Tulei, and the generals Subutai and Jebe accompanied him. In 1220, the Mongol army captured Samarkand, the capital of Khorezm, and its king fled westward, and Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to pursue him.
Therefore, the Mongol army crossed the Caucasus between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea to the west, penetrated into Russia (Russ), and defeated the combined forces of Kipchak and Russia in 1223. In addition, Genghis Khan marched his army to pursue the prince of Khorezm, Zayadin, and defeated him in the Indus Valley. In 1225, Genghis Khan returned to the east in triumph and divided the land of the Western Regions and the newly conquered Western Regions among his four sons, which later developed into the four khanates.
Second Expedition to the West (1235-1244). Third Expedition to the West (1253-1260). On both occasions he did not go, but did not stay in the country, because he died (1227 AD).
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He's definitely going west!
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Genghis KhanThe expedition to the west departed from the Mongolian plateau.
1204 Mongol chief Temujin.
He led the Mongol army to defeat the Naiban Sun Khan and occupy Altay, which was the first time he set foot on the land of Altay.
In 1219, Genghis Khan set out from the Mongolian plateau, passing through Altay, and took refuge in the summer on the Irtysh River, which was his second visit to Altay, after which he established a vast Mongol empire.
It has had a profound impact on the development of world history.
Image changes. As a figure of great influence in both the Eastern and Western worlds, the portrayal of Temujin is slightly different from that of the narrator from different cultural backgrounds.
In the Mongolian narrative, the image of Temujin changes with the changes of history, in The Secret History of the Mongols
He was a Mongolian hero who was protected by the Heavenly Immortals, and in the history books of the century, he had a Buddhist culture in him.
and the shadow of Han culture, in "Romance of the Green History".
He is a combination of Confucian culture and a Mongolian national hero.
The image of Temujin in contemporary Chinese works is often a combination of the heroes of the Mongolian nation and the Ming monarchs and saints who admired Confucian culture, tall and brave, wise and benevolent, and his images are more humane, with their own love and hatred, and more complex emotions with their wives and children, their soldiers, and even their enemies.
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The starting point of Genghis Khan's westward expedition is the Mongolian Plateau. The reason why Genghis Khan did not rent and conquer India was because the Indian army built a layer on the elephant and let the soldiers hide in the tower to attack the enemy, and they used the elephant as a ** and defeated many people.
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The starting point should be Yunnan, mainly because the terrain of India is too high for them to attack at all. There is no harm but no benefit.
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It should be India, because there are a lot of people in India, and at that time, India had a strong class consciousness, and they were very strong in resisting the invasion of foreign countries.
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Historically, the Mongols launched three expeditions to the west, but only the first one was fought by Genghis Khan. The Danube was said to be on the second side, and the second time was led by the sons of Genghis Xun Khan, who was already hanging at that time.
Let's start with the First Expedition to the West. Khwarazm soldiers killed a team of Mongolian merchants for money, Genghis Khan sent an envoy to negotiate with Khwarazm to hand over **, but not only was he refused, but even the messenger was killed by the king of Khorezm, in a fit of rage, Genghis Khan sent 200,000 troops to attack Khorezm, although Khorezm claimed to have 400,000 troops, but it was not at all the opponent of the elite Mongolian army, and the Mongolian iron cavalry and firearms (that is, firearms, yes) could not be defeated. In pursuit of the King of Khorezm, the Mongol army swept through Russia and Ukraine, reaching as far as Kiev (the capital of Ukraine).
Then we talk about the ...... of the Second Expedition to the WestBut it doesn't seem to have anything to do with Genghis Khan.
In order to quell the resurgence of Khwarazm, the descendants of the Great Khan launched a second expedition to the west. The route of this march was along the Altai Mountains to destroy the Mongols in Buriar, Kipchak, and invade Russia. The deployment of the commander Batu was to divide his troops into three routes, the northern route to invade Poland, the western route to attack Hungary, and the southern route to cross the Danube River into Italy, pointing directly at Venice.
Soon after the dispatch of troops, the Polish and Germanic armies were defeated at Ligniz, and then, in the face of the self-help coalition organized by the European countries, the Mongol army was still invincible, capturing the commander of the coalition army, Henry II. Batu went on to conquer Hungary and Russia. ——This great war that shook the past and the present was fought all the way to Austria and Hungary, and the blood stained the Danube, which can be called the most feudal war.
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As far as the Danube River Basin.
The Mongols made three expeditions to the west, the first of which was the capture of Khorezm in Central Asia, which is equivalent to the dispersion of present-day Afghanistan and Iran and Pakistan. The second hit in a northwesterly direction, captured Moscow, and reached as far as the Danube. The third attack on the Middle East was fought to the border with Egypt, and later the Mongols used these lands to establish the Golden Horde (ruling Russia and Transcaucasia), the Ögedai Khanate (ruling the former Khorezm region), and the Chagatai Khanate.
In the winter of December 1241, the Mongol expeditionary army, which had swept through most of Eurasia, conquered the old capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, on the Danube. The Hun king Bella fled south in panic, and the commander Batu ordered the general Hedan to chase after him. The Hedan army arrived on the Adriatic Sea at the beginning of the following year and plundered the cities of Sparato and Cataro (in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina).
In March, Hedandong also ended the 10,000-mile expedition.
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