Questions about literature What does it mean to be fu, to be better than, to be xing?

Fu: Perfunctory and straightforward.

Than: Compare this thing with something else.

Xing: Foreword something else to give rise to the words used.

This is the technique in the Book of Songs.

Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu, Ming and Qing dynasties are all literary themes.

Comparison is one of the three traditional techniques in China, and the metaphor is the most basic technique and the most commonly used. Generally speaking, the metaphorical things used for comparison are always more vivid, concrete, distinct and shallow than the ontological things being compared, and are known to people, which is convenient for people to associate and imagine.

Xingxing, prefacing other things to cause the words to be sung. In terms of characteristics, there are two situations: direct rise and rejuvenation; In terms of use, there are two forms: the beginning of the article and the rise of the knot.

Fu is the basic technique of ancient poetry, which is called the same as Bixing. Fu Chen, a lay-out. Paving is the abbreviation of laying out and arranging.

In longer poems, the arrangement and arrangement are often combined. The paving system composes a series of closely related landscape images, state of affairs, characters and character behaviors into a group of sentences with basically the same structure and tone in a certain order.

It can not only be vividly and delicately laid out, but also can concentrate and enhance the tone in one go, and can also render a certain environment, atmosphere and mood. In the fu body, especially in the rich and gorgeous Han Fu, the fu method is widely used. Han Yuefu and some five-character poems of the Han Dynasty also influenced each other with the Han Fu, and combined the layout with the arrangement to complement each other.

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Bixing is the second of Fu Bixing, and it is also the second of the six meanings of the Book of Songs. Meaning is a metaphor for a person or thing to make its characteristics more distinct and prominent.

Meaning] Song Confucian Zhu Xi believed: compare, compare things with this thing. The one who is interested in prefacing something else in order to arouse all the words (a little more complicated, sometimes it is difficult to distinguish from the rhetorical devices such as metaphors, especially metaphors and symbols, and sometimes it seems to be a habit of expression, which aims to create a certain atmosphere to attract the reader into the realm of the poem, and does not seem to have a direct relationship with the content expressed).

Bichen. It is a traditional expression technique in Chinese poetry, and Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty more accurately explained the basic characteristics of "comparison and xing" as an expression technique. "Those who are excited, foretell other things to cause the words to be sung. ”

Some poems use comparisons in individual places, while others use comparisons for the entire image, just like the poetry of later generations; "Xing" means to rise, and it is to use other things as the beginning of the poem to arouse the content to be sung.

1. Fu: Flat and straightforward, laid out, and compared. It is equivalent to today's rhetorical method of arrangement.

2. Analogy: analogy, analogy. Pictorial metaphors for people or objects make their characteristics more distinctive. (There are two ways to say this, analogy and metaphor.) In "Bixing", "Bi" means "metaphor". ）

3. Xing: Initiating other things to cause the content to be sung. There is a certain connection with the content of the poem. The figurative technique can enhance the vividness and distinctiveness of the poem, and increase the charm and appeal of the image.

Fu: Flat and straightforward, straight to the point.

Than: Figurative. Xing: Xing, preface other things. Use other things to elicit a description of the thing to be depicted.

There are no more than two explanations of endowment, comparison, and xing. One explanation is that endowment, comparison, and revival are closely linked to political edification, beauty and irony. The first to make this interpretation was Zheng Xuan of the Han Dynasty.

The positive significance of this interpretation is that it has a direct enlightening effect on the theory of beauty and thorn bixing cited by Chen Ziang and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. The negative effect is that it has led many later poetic theorists to deviate from the artistic image and one-sidedly seek the so-called subtle meaning of poetry. The first to make this interpretation was Zheng Zhong of the Han Dynasty, who regarded "Bi" as a metaphorical technique in rhetoric, and regarded "Xing" as a technique of "supporting plants, trees, birds and beasts to see meaning", which was inherited by many scholars of later generations, such as Zhiyu in the Jin Dynasty, Li Zhongmeng in the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, etc. Their statements all accurately summarize the basic characteristics of Fu, Bi, and Xing as expressive techniques.

The induction and research of endowment, comparison and revival are of great significance in the development of ancient Chinese poetry theory and poetry creation. It not only makes the theoretical understanding of poetic artistic thinking and expression methods more and more profound and perfect, but also promotes the richness and perfection of poetry in creation, and plays a positive role in promoting the development of ancient poetry.