Who created the staff? Who invented the staves

The earliest place of stave is Greece, and its history is much earlier than the simple notation of the number form. In ancient Greece, the main form of expression was vocal music, and the pronunciation of lyrics was ...... with a, b, and cIn the Roman era, another notation was used to indicate the height of the sound, which was called "neuma", which was the prototype of the staff. "Neuma" is derived from the Greek word for symbol, and is an early neum shape represented in the form of a drawing (Figs. 1-1).

These Neum symbols switch clearly, sometimes indicating a tone, but also often indicating a group of tones, it can help the singer memorize, understand the characteristics of various tunes, but it can not indicate the length of the tone, and there is no fixed high and low position, so the descendants will draw a straight line, the Neum symbol is written up and down **, with the line as the center point, the tone is fixed as f, and then according to the up and down position to determine the pitch, this form is called "a line of staff".

In the 11th century, monks placed the Newm symbol on four lines to determine its pitch, a form of music known as the "four-line score". The beginning of the line staff is drawn in different colors, such as the red line for the F note and the yellow or green line for the C note (Figure 1-2).

Since the four-line Neum notation does not mark the rhythm, it is necessary to have a precise method of determining the length of each note, which is the cause of quantitative **. In the 13th century, Coren pioneered the length of black notes in his book The Art of Song by John Frank, a musical monk (Figs. 1-3).

In the 15th century, white notes appeared, and the variety of notes increased. By the time the notation has developed to this state, it is basically possible to record the high and low positions and the length of the notes. By the 16th century, notation with divided subsections was used, and the heads of the symbols became circular.

In the 17th century, the four-line staff was improved into a five-line staff, and after 300 years of gradual improvement, it has now become the most common notation in the world today.

The first written record of the five-line notation was the sequel to the "Lü Lu Zhengyi" in 1713, which described the stave, scales, and roll calls. The stave was gradually spread and used in China, and after the middle of the 19th century, it was popularized with the missionary work of Western missionaries and the establishment of new schools.

It's Guida Dalezzo.

In the 9th century A.D., there was a notation that used "dots", "hooks", and "strokes" to indicate the general trend and high and low of sounds. This symbol is called "Newm". First, it is written on a line, indicating the F sound, and there is an approximate pitch standard according to the top and bottom of the symbol falling **.

Later, a C line was added. By the 11th century, Guidodarezzo had added four lines with a range of about octaves, making pitch notation more accurate. Later, due to the need for repetition and performance, six-line staff, seven-line staff, and even eleven-line staff appeared.

It was not until the 16th century that the European countries unified the staff, which changed the complexity caused by too many horizontal lines, and the notes that were too high or too low were represented by plus lines. Later, there were high-pitch, alto, and bass cleves adapted to different vocal ranges and different purposes, as well as large cleves and total scores that recorded the scores of various instruments, all of which were also based on staves. To commemorate the invention and birth of the staff, Guida Dalezzo is called the "father of the staff".

Compared with other notation, the stave has advantages that are difficult to replace: it has a strong sense of pitch and is easy to distinguish between high and low notes; Strong sense of harmony and stereotype, which can record many voices and chords at the same time; It can record large-scale ** works with complex tones and many voices; The melodic lines are clear, and the notation science is applicable ......

In the 13th century, the Cologne priest Franck was founded.

As far back as the 10th century, there was a ** family in France called [Guro] also translated as [Gudo], who began to use four horizontal lines to indicate the height of the tone, and put a popular symbol to indicate the length of the tone in the four horizontal lines to record the music, which is the prototype of the stave. This was a remarkable invention at the time, and it shook the entire European world. When the Pope heard about this, he summoned him to Rome, gave him a heavy reward, and asked him to change all the music scores collected in Roman churches to "Gurro notation", also known as "four-line notation".

In the 12th century, the four horizontal lines representing the high and low of the sound were changed to five horizontal lines, but such staff was still imperfect. Symbols such as bar lines, time signatures, etc., have not yet appeared. It wasn't until the 16th century that the staff was gradually perfected, much like what we use today.

Resources.

The Italian Arezzo 6 4 Guido (also translated as Guida Dalezzo) The predecessor of the stave can be traced back to the medieval Neum notation and the measured notation. The Neum notation is based on horizontal lines, and symbols are used to indicate the pitch of the note, but the length of the note is not displayed. From the 7th century onwards, this notation appeared in the Catholic Church of Europe, initially with only one line for the F pitch, and in the 11th century by Arezzo.

Guido gradually developed into 4 threads. The pitches were defined as d, f, a, and c, and the f line was drawn in red and the c line in yellow (which later became the origin of the treble and bass clef in the staff). In the 13th century, a fifth line was used, which became the predecessor of the stave.

In the 16th century, there was also a method of adding lines, which made the recording of pitch more complete. Quantitative notation was developed by the Cologne priest Franck in the 13th century. This notation strictly regulates the length of notes with notes, rests, and notations, and is a supplement and enrichment to the Neum notation.

Around 1450, the notes were painted in black, called the measured black symbol, and later the hollow notes were used, called the measured white symbol, and this notation was used in the West until about the 17th century. The stave was based on the first two, gradually perfected in the 17th century, and began to be finalized in the 18th century, and is still in use today. For example, the bar line was originally used in the text notation, and was adopted by the stave at the end of the 17th century; Ascending and descending marks were commonly used in the 18th century, and facial expression marks were taken from the notation of quantity; Ornamental notations originated from the Neum notation and were systematized for use in the stave in the 17th century.

The inventor of the line notation was the 11th-century Italian theorist Guido.

I knew I didn't invent it.

Before the invention of staves, any country and any nation in the world used words to express sounds, or to use simple symbols to show the rise and fall of sounds. In vocal music, the lyrics are the center, and simple symbols are marked on the words or words. In the beginning, the notation of Grego's tunes was borrowed from ancient Greece"Newm"The notation marks the melody of the melody, this depends"Small dots and lines"The primitive notation of the notation must have been very dissatisfying to the priests of the Church, because it could not memorize the exact intervals, but could only roughly indicate the movement of the melody, and the singers had to use gestures to express a little meaning, while the more precise singing had to be understood by the ears and the heart.

When it comes to a tune that even the teacher is not familiar with, no one can do anything about it. Later, an unknown priest whimsically drew a line on the score to represent a fixed note, and this great initiative soon inspired another brilliant priest to draw a second line on the score, which was born at the end of the 9th century from the page you see now"Two-line staff"The upper line is clearly recognizable, with a yellow line at the bottom representing the do sound (then marked with ut) and a red line at the top representing the fa sound. Then the monk Hukbald (840-930), a monk of the Abbey of Saint-Armand, felt it"line"Obviously, one or two lines are not enough and six to eight lines are too complicated, so the famous French theorist Guido (995-1050) used it again"Quadruple staff"The invention of (red on the first line and green on the fourth line) went down in history.

He recorded the names of the notes on and between the lines, and then created the notes that expressed the names, so that it was possible to write down the polyphonic score, and this was it"Quantitative**"Notation. Guido's notation was invented in the 14th century and updated until the 15th century to become a staff marked entirely in black, with the inner beat notation being refined until the 18th century when it was finalized into the current staff.

Guido also invented six fixed solfèges in the order of ut, re, mi, fa, sol and la when he composed the "Hymn to St. John", which passed by the Belgian Willander in the 16th century"The icing on the cake", the seventh note si was added, and later due to the convenience of pronunciation ut was changed to do, and since then it has become the name of the seven-tone scale seen by later generations. It is said that the music used in the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church is still in Guido's"Quadruple staff"and square neum symbols. This shows Guido"Quadruple staff"The significance of the invention and his history in the West"Sage"such an important position.

The stave was produced in Europe, and its formation and development went through a considerable period of time. Originally, people used only a horizontal line to record the ** symbol. At that time, there was a ** family in Italy (995 1055) after years of research and collation, and created a number of parallel horizontal line notation methods, which was the original prototype of the staves.

After hundreds of years of development and refinement, it was not until the eighteenth century that a systematic and complete stave notation was finally formed.