Does a substance made up of atoms have internal energy?

Substances that are made up of atoms have internal energy.

Introduction to internal energy: Internal energy is the sum of the energy of all forms of motion of all microscopic particles in an object or a system composed of several objects (referred to as a system). Internal energy generally refers to the sum of all the molecules that make up an object in a thermodynamic system, the kinetic energy of its thermal motion, and the potential energy of the molecules.

The reason why the matter made up of atoms has internal energy:

Because the atom can also be regarded as a special molecule, the molecule in the broad sense refers to the smallest particles that make up the substance to maintain the chemical properties of the substance, so some substances are directly composed of atoms, such as metals and noble gases. The internal energy of the system is the sum of all the kinetic energy of the irregular motion of all the molecules that make up the system, the potential energy of the interaction between the molecules, and the various forms of energy inside the molecule and the nucleus. That is, only if its internal molecules are in motion, he has temperature.

And people can't get to the point where molecules don't move, which is absolute zero. So the matter of atoms is composed of internal energy.

Does a substance made up of atoms have internal energy?

A: Strictly speaking, there is! Matter made up of atoms and has internal energy.

1. In physics, engineering thermodynamics, and physical chemistry, there are some concepts that are ambiguous.

Internal energy: internal energy is a thermodynamic system, which has the sum of all the energy, but the internal energy is completely limited to the nucleus, and does not consider the nucleus at all.

Combined energy, therefore, to talk about it, to calculate it, can only revolve around you.

Spin. On the whole, internal energy is only a principled in these disciplines

A physical quantity in general.

enthalpy, which is more of a vague concept, can only involve enthalpy, enthalpy = heat energy;

Entropy: Entropy, also a vague concept, involves the change of entropy used to determine the direction of the reaction.

Thermal energy: thermal energy, heat energy, which is a physical quantity that is popular in all calculations.

The unit of calculation has also become semi-physical, semi-chemical: kj mol.

The other concepts of free energy and chemical potential are not described here.

2. All substances are composed of atoms, whether it is a physical change, or it involves bond-breaking, bond-forming, that is, the process of cracking bonds and bonding, and the internal energy will change.

3. Ordinary calculations, especially in the theory of molecular motion, adopt an ideal model, where isotherm means that the internal energy is constant.

<> substances that are directly constituted by atoms are mainly of the following categories:

1. Metals: such as gold, silver, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, etc.;

2. Non-metallic solids: such as carbon, silicon, etc.;

3. Noble gases: such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, etc.;

4. Atomic crystals directly composed of atoms through covalent bonds: such as silicon dioxide, silicon, diamond, silicon carbide, etc.

Substances composed of atoms include a few non-metallic elements, such as carbon, silicon, etc., and metallic elements, such as iron, copper, etc. There are also some noble gas elements.

Introduction

Atoms are the smallest particles that cannot be redivided in a chemical reaction. A positive atom contains a dense nucleus and a number of electrons that are negatively charged around the nucleus. Whereas, the nucleus of a negative atom is negatively charged, and the surrounding negative electrons are positively charged.

The nucleus of a positive atom is made up of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.

The antiproton in the nucleus of the negative atom becomes negatively charged, thus making the nucleus of the negative atom negatively charged. When the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons, the atom is electrically neutral; Otherwise, it is a positively or negatively charged ion.

Depending on the number of protons and neutrons, the type of atom is different: the number of protons determines which element the atom belongs to, while the number of neutrons determines which isotope the atom is of that element. Atoms make up molecules, and the same kind of charges repel each other in the molecules that make up the substance, and different kinds of charges attract each other.

1. Elemental metals.

1. Iron Fe.

2. Hg hg.

2. Rare gas element.

1. Helium.

2. Neon.

3. Most solid non-metals.

1. Sulfur carbon C.

3. Phosphorus P (exception iodine I2 is composed of molecules).

<> substances that are directly constituted by atoms are mainly of the following categories:

1) Metals. Such as gold, silver, copper, iron, magnesium, etc.

2) Non-metallic solids. Such as sulfur, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, etc.

3) Noble gases. Such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, etc.

Metallic substances (e.g. Fe, Cu, Ag) and noble gases (e.g. He, Ne, Ar, etc.).

There are three types of substances directly composed of atoms: metals, non-metallic solids, and rare gases. Metals, such as gold, silver, sedan sails, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, etc.

Non-metallic solids, such as carbon, silicon, etc., rare gases: such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, etc. Atomic crystals directly composed of atoms through covalent bonds, such as silicon dioxide, silicon, diamond, silicon carbide, etc.

Characteristics of atomic composition

atoms, the smallest particles in chemical change. Atoms are also a type of micro-closed particles that make up matter. For example, a small number of non-metallic elements, diamond, graphite, etc., metal elements, such as iron, mercury, etc., rare gases, etc.

The distribution of the electron shell outside the nucleus of the atom, and the hierarchical arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus: no more than 2 in the first shell and no more than 8 in the second shell. The outermost layer does not exceed 8.

The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in each layer is 2n2, and n represents the number of electron layers, that is, the first layer does not exceed 2, the second layer does not exceed 8, and the third layer does not exceed 18. The number of electrons in the outermost shell does not exceed 8, and when there is only 1 electron layer, a maximum of 2 electrons can be accommodated.

The atoms are also constantly moving, and although the atoms are small, they have a certain mass. The idea of the atom was introduced as far back as the 5th century BC. However, there was no scientific experiment to support it, until the beginning of the 19th century, when the chemist Dalton proposed a scientific atomic theory in 1803, based on experimental facts and strict hail logic.

1) Substances directly composed of atoms, strictly speaking, only atomic crystals are substances directly composed of atoms.

Like diamond, crystalline silicon, crystal (silicon dioxide), emery (silicon carbide), silicon nitride ceramics, etc.

Note: Elemental metals are not substances that are directly composed of atoms. Metal crystals are made up of metal cations and free electrons.

Noble gases: are molecular crystals. Of course, rare gases have special characteristics, and one of its molecules is an atom, so it can barely be touched. But it's best not to count it as a substance made of atoms.

2) The force between atoms that you are talking about is the Coulomb force of mutual attraction of electric charges, which is defined as chemical bonds.

Atomic crystals contain only covalent bonds.

The atoms that do not directly constitute matter have some reeds and some seeps.

The extranuclear electron co-ridge is a particle that makes up atoms and cannot directly form matter. Atoms in a steady state (ground state) will have as many electrons outside the nucleus as possible according to the principle of lowest energy, and since it is impossible for electrons to be crowded together, they will also have to obey the principle of lowest energy of the chryson.

a. Electrons outside the nucleus are a kind of particles that make up atoms, and cannot directly constitute matter.

b. Atom is a kind of particle that constitutes matter, some substances are directly composed of atoms, and metals and solid non-metal elements are directly composed of atoms

c. Molecule is a kind of particle that constitutes a substance, and some substances are directly composed of molecular dregs, such as water is composed of water molecules, and oxygen is composed of oxygen molecules

d. Ion is a kind of particle composed of Ming Tomb Qicheng substance, some substances are directly composed of ions, such as sodium chloride is composed of sodium ions and chloride ions

So choose A