What are the key points of anatomical foundations?

1. Standard knowledge (anatomical posture): This posture is for the human body to stand upright, the eyes are looking forward, the upper limbs are naturally hanging down on both sides of the torso, the feet are together, and the palms and toes are forward.

2. Orientation terms:

Up and down: those who are near the head are up, and those who are close to the feet are down.

Anterior and posterior: anterior (also called ventral) for those who are near the abdomen and posterior (also called dorsal) for those who are near the back.

Inner and outer: All organs with an inner cavity are inside if they are near the inner cavity and outer if they are far away from the inner cavity.

Shallow and deep: the body surface prevails, those close to the body surface are shallow, and those far away from the body surface are deep.

Medial and lateral: medial if near the midline, lateral if far from the midline.

Proximal and distal: When describing the structure of the limbs, those that are close to the trunk are proximal.

3. Facet terminology:

Sagittal plane: It is a section that cuts the human body or organ into two parts, left and right, from the front and back directions. If the human body is cut into two completely symmetrical halves of the left and right along the median line, the section is called the median sagittal plane.

Cross-section: This section cuts the human body into two parts, upper and lower, also known as horizontal planes.

Frontal surface: It is a section that cuts the human body into two parts, the front and back, from the left and right directions, also known as the coronal surface.

4. Axis: Vertical axis: parallel to the long axis of the human body, perpendicular to the ground.

Sagittal axis: anteroposterior, perpendicular to the long and coronal axes of the body.

Coronal axis: Also called the frontal axis, it intersects vertically with the long and sagittal axes of the body in the left and right directions.

5. Human anatomy: It is a science that studies the morphological structure of the normal human body, which belongs to the scope of biological morphology.

The necessary knowledge points of anatomy are as follows:1. Knee joint: the most complex joint in the body.

2. Liver: the largest gland in the human body and the largest substantial organ.

3. Rectal uterine depression: the lowest point of the female peritoneal cavity when upright.

4. Vagus nerve: the cranial nerve with the longest stroke and the widest distribution.

5. The conduction system of the heart includes the sinus node, the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle and the Putkinye's fiber mesh.

1: Bone can be divided into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones according to morphology: bone, periosteum, bone marrow.

2: Sternal angle: The transverse ridge where the sternal stem connects with the body to form a slight anterior protrusion, which is called the sternal angle. The cartilage of the second rib is flat on both sides and is an important landmark for counting the ribs.

True ribs: The anterior ends of the 1st to 7th ribs are connected to the sternum and are called true ribs.

False ribs: The anterior part of the 8th-12th ribs is directly connected with the sternum, which is called Zhao Dongqi, Massage Department, Songyuan City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Rib of the arch: The costal cartilage of the 8th to 10th rib is connected to the superior costal cartilage at one time to form a cartilaginous margin, called the costal arch.

Costal angle: The costal angle is formed at the sharp bend of the posterior part of the rib body.

3: The skull is composed of paired parietal bones, temporal bones, and unpaired frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones.

4: Exposed facial bones include: paired nasal bones, lacrimal bones, maxilla, inferior turbinates, grubs, jawbones, and unpaired mandibles, vomers, and hyoid bones.

5: 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses: frontal sinuses, opening in the middle meatus: sphenoid sinus, opening anteriorly in the sphenoidoid ethmoid crypt: ethmoid sinus, divided into three groups: anterior, middle and posterior, anterior-middle skirt opening middle meatus, posterior group ethmoid sinus opening in the upper nasal meatus. The maxilla opens into the middle meatus.

Development History:

China has a long cultural history, as far back as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (200-300 BC), the earliest medical work "Yellow Emperor Neijing" has a record of human form, the Qin and Han dynasties, such as the "Hanshu Wang Mang Biography" record, the corpse of the death row prisoner was dissected on the spot and recorded. During the Three Kingdoms period, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor, was not only good at medical skills, but also had a deep understanding of the structure of the human body, and was able to perform surgical operations with anesthetics.

In the feudal society after the Warring States Period, in addition to the occasional ability to dissect corpses, others who dared to act recklessly would be severely punished, and even executed by Ling Chi. The insights on anatomy in the book "Medical Forest Correction Error" by Wang Qingren, a famous doctor of the Qing Dynasty.