The Relationship Between Tariffs and Efficiency 80, The Relationship Between Tariffs and Efficiency

Since creation has a positive economic effect, while transfer has a negative economic effect, the overall economic effect of the Customs Union will be determined by the comparison of the amount of creation with the amount of transfer. Therefore, the further analysis of the overall static economic effect of the Customs Union will inevitably go deeper into the analysis of the factors affecting the creation and transfer of the Customs Union. To sum up, the influencing factors that have been involved in the existing studies mainly include the elasticity of supply and demand of goods, the size of the regional scope of the Customs Union, the size of the number of potential members before the establishment of the Customs Union, the level of tariff rates before and after the formation of the Customs Union, the economic structure relationship between the members of the Customs Union, the degree of protection of potential member countries before the establishment of the Customs Union, the difference in production costs, geographical location and transportation costs, etc.

For different countries and different regions as a whole of economic integration, since the above-mentioned factors affecting the size of the creation and transfer are uncertain, the "positive and negative" views of the traditional theory on the overall static economic effect of the customs union are also different. In the research results combined with practice, some people believe that the ** creation of the customs union is greater than the ** transfer volume, so that the overall static economic effect is "positive"; There are also those who believe that the amount of transfer in the Customs Union is greater than the amount of creation, so the overall static economic effect is "negative". For example, through the comparison of the actual regional economic integration organization and the scope of the natural area formed over the years, Krugman believes that the existing geographical scope of regional economic integration basically coincides with the natural area, so the creation of integration is bound to be greater than the amount of transfer, and its economic welfare effect is bound to increase.

Bhagwati and Bergstein take the opposite view.

I don't know.

I'm sorry.

The normal tariff in the import tariff refers to the import tariff, and the import tariff is also known as the normal tariff or the import positive tax.

Import tariff refers to a tariff levied by the customs of that country on domestic importers in accordance with the customs tariff when imported goods enter the customs territory of a country or enter the domestic market from a free port, a processing zone or a bonded warehouse.

The formulation of import tariffs in various countries is based on the consideration of various factors, and from the perspective of effective protection and economic development, different tax rates are formulated for different commodities including reserves. Generally speaking, the import tariff rate increases with the increase in the degree of processing of imported goods, that is, the tax rate of manufactured goods is the highest, followed by semi-finished products, and the tax rate of primary products such as raw materials is the lowest or even exempt-free, which is called duty-free upgrade.

Importing countries also impose differential tariffs on different goods, with low or duty-free tariffs on necessities and machinery and equipment that are in short supply and urgently needed in the country, and high tariffs on goods or luxury goods that can be produced in large quantities domestically. At the same time, due to the needs of political and economic relations between countries, different tax rates will be imposed on the same commodity from different countries.

Standing customs duty is a transit tax. In the Qing Dynasty, along with the Ming system, checkpoints were set up in the water, land transportation arteries, passes and other basic places, and taxes were levied on goods through the slippery tracks. After the Opium War, due to the designation of Haikou for trade, there was a customs office for entering and leaving the country and the original customs customs in the interior.

In the 27th year of Guangxu, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the humiliating "Xinchou Treaty" of Borangyan, and made concessions on the issue of tariffs, with the foreign customs as the center, and handed over the Changguan within 50 miles from the foreign customs to the customs, and the tax revenue was designated as the use of Gengzi indemnity. Therefore, there is a difference between the regular customs within 50 miles from the customs and the regular customs 50 miles away from the customs.

The tariff effect refers to the impact of imposing tariffs on goods imported from other countries. Generally speaking, taxing countries can increase domestic revenues by increasing tariff revenues, but for exporting countries and intermediaries, tariffs often lead to escalation, reduce market demand, and thus reduce exports, affecting the economic situation of exporting countries.

Politically, tariffs can also be used as a means of deterring. Theorists such as Friedrich Liszt put forward the idea of protectionism, that is, by raising customs tariffs, the domestic industry is effectively protected from external competition. In this case, the domestic market can maintain a high level of stability, but at the same time, it will also lead to dissatisfaction and countermeasures from other countries, which may lead to a war.

Further expansion and analysis, the effect of tariffs not only involves international and political affairs, but also has an impact on domestic enterprises. On the one hand, tariffs can protect the interests of domestic enterprises, improve the competitive advantage and technological innovation of domestic industries, and promote industrial upgrading to a certain extent. On the other hand, excessively high tariffs can also lead to excessive dependence on protection and lack of competition awareness and lack of core technological innovation, which is not conducive to the development of enterprises in the long run.

In addition, there are some non-economic effects of tariff effects. As a means of obstruction, tariffs may limit international cooperation and development, affecting global development and cooperation. In terms of international politics and geopolitics, tariffs may also be used as a means of political pressure and have a certain impact on international relations, so the international community needs to treat the issue of tariffs with an open and inclusive attitude in order to achieve more stable and sustainable economic development.

In conclusion, the tariff effect is a complex issue involving many aspects such as international, political, economic and national policies. We need to analyze the problem from multiple angles and balance the interests of all parties in order to better deal with the economic and social impact of tariff effects. <>