Which reform is the reform of the management of the middle of the country, and what is the content o

A reform of the Qi State during the Spring and Autumn Period. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Huan of Qi appointed Guan Zhong as the prime minister and carried out reforms, so that Qi took the lead in becoming the overlord of the Central Plains in the struggle for hegemony. Direct Background:

Fiscal crisis content: "land and decay", that is, the field is divided into several grades according to the quality of the soil and the amount of output, and the amount of tax in kind is levied according to the grade, so as to increase the state's tax revenue, objectively break the boundaries of the well field, and accelerate the collapse of the well field system, which actually recognizes the legitimacy of private land; "Military orders for internal affairs" means to unify the organization of the population with the establishment of the army; The separation of agriculture and industry, and the passing of occupations from generation to generation, ensured social production and prevented people from causing social unrest due to employment. Guan Zhong's reforms, although the Qi State developed rapidly, the national strength was strong, and the diplomatic strategy was also quite successful, and the princes of all countries respected the Qi State, making the Duke of Qi Huan the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

On the whole, however, these reforms were mainly aimed at the economic base and did not touch the superstructure (political system), and the old Shiqing Shilu system was still in play, and the reforms were incomplete. The reason is that Guan Zhong represents the slave owner class Shang Ying's reform, due to the strong support of Qin Xiaogong, carried out a major reform in Qin, since then Legalist thought has been the dominant ideology, but the harsh criminal law, especially the high-pressure policy of "burning books and banning lobbying" pioneered by Shang Ying, is also a kind of destruction to China's ancient culture, although Shang Yang was later killed, but the result of the change has taken root in Qin State, laying the foundation for Qin State to unify the world. Guan Zhong - Guan Zhong pays attention to the economy, opposes empty talk, advocates reform to enrich the country and strengthen the army, divides the country into political regions, organizes military establishments, and sets up officials to manage; Establish a talent selection system, and after three rounds of selection, they can be "the praise of the secretary" (assistant); Taxation of land in equal tiers, prohibiting the plundering of private property by the aristocracy; Develop the salt and iron industry, mint currency, and adjust prices.

The essence of the reform was to abolish slavery and make the transition to feudalism. The reform of Guan Zhong has achieved remarkable results, and the national strength of Qi has been greatly boosted. Externally, Guan Zhong proposed to "respect the king and conquer the country" and unite with the northern neighbors to resist the southern invasion of the Shanrong people.

Reform of the management and middle school. Also known as the Guan Zhong Reform Law, it refers to the Spring and Autumn Period Qi State 1, administrative aspects: division and rectification of administrative divisions.

and institutions, the national capital is divided into six industrial and commercial townships and fifteen scholar townships, a total of 21 townships. The fifteen Shixiang were the main source of soldiers for the Qi State. Qi Huan Gong.

He manages five townships by himself, and Shangqing Guozi and Gaozi each manage five townships. Divide national politics into three rounds or departments, and formulate three officials.

System. There are three officials in the ranks. The industry is three families, and the business is three townships.

Chuanze industry is three yu, and mountain forestry is three balances. Thirty families in the suburbs are one town, and each town has a judge. Ten Yi is a pawn, and each pawn has a division.

Ten pawns are a township, and each township has a township division. The three townships are one county, and each county has a county division. The ten counties are a genus, and each genus has a doctor.

There are five genera in the country, and there are five doctors. At the beginning of each year, the doctors of the five genera report the situation in the genus to Qi Huan Gong and supervise their merits. As a result, the whole country was formed as a unified whole.

2. Military aspect: Guan Zhong emphasized that the army was in the peasantry, and stipulated that the five families in the national capital should be one track, and each track should have a track length. Ten tracks are one mile, and each mile has a division.

Four miles is a company, and each company has a company commander. The ten companies are a township, and each township has a good person in charge of the township's military orders. In wartime, an army was formed, with one person from each household, five people per track, and five people as a team, led by the track commander.

Fifty people in one mile, 'fifty people for a small army, led by Li Yousi. A company of 200 people, 200 people as a pawn, led by the company commander. There are 2,000 people in one township, and 2,000 people are one brigade, led by Yan Tongfan, a good person in the township.

There are 10,000 people in Wuxiang, and a marshal is established, and 10,000 people are an army, led by Marshal Wuxiang. Duke Qi Huan, Guozi, and higher than the three are marshals. In this way, the armor protection system.

It was closely integrated with the army organization, and the army was trained by hunting every spring and autumn, thus improving the combat effectiveness of the army. At the same time, it also stipulates that people throughout the country are not allowed to move at will. People live in solidarity with each other, fight at night, and distinguish friend or foe as long as they hear a sound; Fighting during the day, as long as you see your face, everyone can recognize it.

In order to solve the ** of the army, it was stipulated that crimes could be atonement for crimes with armor and **. If you commit a felony, you can atone for it with a halberd and a halberd. Misdemeanors can be atonemented with a halberd.

Minor sins can be atoned for with brass and iron. This would complement the army's lack of equipment.

3. Economic: Guan Zhong proposed the land tax policy of "hail and decline of land", that is, according to the quality of the land, the amount of taxes to be levied. In this way, the tax burden tends to be rational and the people's enthusiasm for production is enhanced. Advocate economic development and accumulate wealth and currency.

Set up the "Light and Heavy Nine Mansions" to observe the harvest and the needs of the people, and collect and distribute food and goods. The state was required to mint coins, develop fisheries and salt industries, and encourage foreign countries, and the economy of Qi began to prosper.

Guan Zhong is an economist unprecedented in Chinese history. The "Wealth of Nations" theory put forward by him was nearly 2,300 years earlier than the economist Adam Smith in the West, and can be called the originator of economics in the world.

Today, Guan Zhong's proposal of "rejuvenating the country through commerce", that is, relying on the development of industrial and commercial economy to strengthen national strength and achieve prosperity and strength, is compared with the two representative figures of the Western doctrine of "mercantilism": Thomas Meng of England (1571-1641, the representative work "The Wealth of England from the Foreign **", which is considered the "Bible" of mercantilism) and the French de Méclétian (1575-1622, generation).

The epigraph "Political Economy for His Majesty the King and Queen" is considered to be the target of political economy), and it is also more than 2,200 years earlier. Both economists recognized the importance of the commodity economy to the country, and invariably proposed: "The prosperity of a country depends on the supply of capital, and the best way to increase the wealth of the country through the commodity economy (externally**) is ......."And this point of view was basically put forward by Guan Zhong at that time:

Strengthen the country with industrial and commercial economy, and build the country with industrial and commercial economy.

Guan Zhong also made a huge contribution to Chinese culture, which was the discovery of "water". In his book "Pipe", he clearly put forward the idea that "water is the origin of all things", many years before Tessler.

It is precisely because of the recognition of the various characteristics of "water" and the comparison of various complex relationships between water and the land that Guan Zhong has a unique understanding of the commodity economy and the rise and fall of the country, and can also explain why it can only be Guan Zhong who is the first to elevate the commodity economy to the level of "a rich country and a strong army".

Guan Zhong can be called the earliest founder of mercantilism in the world, and he was also the first to realize the enormous power of the commodity economy. As a standard businessman who has been doing business since his youth and a master of governance with excellent management skills, Guan Zhong quickly helped Qi establish the development idea of "enriching the country and strengthening the army", and clearly regarded the development of industrial and commercial economy as one of the ways to enhance comprehensive national strength.

shortcuts. In fact, it is precisely because of the rapid rise of the industrial and commercial economy that the Qi State was able to complete the great cause of being the chief overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period with a small country in a corner of the sea. The "mercantilism" of "rejuvenating the country with commerce" and "establishing the country with commerce" and economic determinism created by Guan Zhong became a basic model that other vassal states vied to emulate after the Qi State.

Divide the country into political regions, organize military establishments, and set up officials to manage them;

Establish a talent selection system, and after three rounds of selection, they can be "the praise of the secretary" (assistant);

Taxation was levied according to the land in equal ranks, and the nobles were forbidden to plunder the gods and seize private property;

Develop the salt and iron industry, mint currency, and adjust the price of materials.

The essence of the reform of the management and middle government is to reform the land and population system.

Impact: The reform of the management and Zhong has achieved remarkable results, and the national strength of Qi has been greatly boosted. Externally, Guan Zhong proposed to "respect the king and conquer the country" and unite with the northern neighbors to resist the southern invasion of the Shanrong people.

This diplomatic strategy has also been successful. Later, Confucius sighed and said: "Micro tube Zhong, I have put on my hair and left it!"

What the superior brother said is right!

Zhuge Liang compares himself to Guan Zhong, and in the history of Le Yi, Guan Zhong is the same, making Qi the head of the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons; Zhuge Liang was in Shu, so that Liu Bei, Cao Cao, and Sun Quan divided the world. Both of them have worked hard, done their best, and made great contributions.

Liang Qichao, a leader of the modern reform faction and a famous historian, praised Guan Zhong as "a first-rate figure in the history of the country", "the biggest politician in China, and a great figure in the academic and ideological circles". "In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was difficult to find a politician who could represent all politics, and Guan Zhong seemed to be able to. ”

This shows the far-reaching impact of Guan Zhong's thinking and performance.

There is a lot of understanding, this is a particularly important bridge reform during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, because there was a particularly serious financial crisis in the society at that time, so it led to the Qi State becoming the overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period, and a series of political reforms were made to enrich the country and strengthen the army, and the film file guessed the development of society.

Guan Zhong's reform refers to the changes carried out by Guan Zhong in the Qi State during the Spring and Autumn Period. The main contents of the reform are: Politically, it is divided into several administrative divisions, and militarily it is emphasized that the army is used in agriculture. Financially alleviate guilt. The hail did not cause a great repercussion at the time.

This question mainly examines the relevant knowledge of Qi Huan's struggle for hegemony. When Qi was in Qi Huan, he appointed Guan Zhong as the prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs, and developed production; At the same time, the military system was reformed, a powerful army was formed, and the borders were expanded under the slogan of "respecting the king and conquering the king." Through reform, the country of Qi became rich and strong.

In the middle of the 7th century BC, the Duke of Qi Huan convened the princes to meet in Kuiqiu, and Zhou Tianzi sent people to participate, and finally became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, the symbol of Qi Huan's hegemony is that Kwai Qiu will block the China Alliance. During the Warring States Period, the emerging landlord class carried out reforms in various countries in order to establish feudal rule and develop the feudal economy.

In 356 B.C., Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to change the law. Therefore, the Shang Dynasty Reform Law took place in the Qin State during the Warring States Period. The contents of the Shang Martingale Reform Law are:

The state recognizes private ownership of land and allows it to be bought and sold freely; Rewarding Ploughing Battles; Establish a county system. Material 3 embodies the two contents of rewarding farming and establishing a county system.

Due to the Shang Dynasty's reform, the Qin State changed the old customs, the economy developed, the army's combat effectiveness improved, and it became the strongest hidden land vassal state in the late Warring States period, laying the foundation for the unification of the six kingdoms. This is a semi-open-ended history question designed to test students' ability to understand and evaluate reform. Through the reform of Guan Zhong, the state of Qi was rich and strong, and the Duke of Qi Huan summoned the princes to meet in Kwaiqiu, and Zhou Tianzi sent people to participate, and finally became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The Shang Dynasty reform conformed to the trend of historical development; Shang Ying formulated a series of specific and effective methods; Shang Ying's courage to fight against the old forces finally succeeded, making Qin the most powerful feudal state in the late Warring States period