Briefly describe the main means of sophistry 15

Deliberately reversing right and wrong, confusing black and white.

The representative figure of the sophistry is Gongsun Long, 320 BC 250 BC, Zibing, Zhao Guo.

Handan (now Handan, Hebei.

Person. The representative of the "famous" Lijian White School. The ancestor of "sophistry" is one of the representatives of famous artists.

and "detached from the solid white" and other arguments, that for the "solid white stone", "those who can't see what they are strong and get what they are white, there is no hardness"; "Those who can't get what they are white and get what they are strong, there is no white", emphasizing the difference between vision and touch, so "solid white stone two". It also analyzes the relationship between the general and the individual, emphasizes the difference between "white horse" (individual) and "horse" (general), and draws the conclusion that "white horse is not a horse". Joining him is another family Huishi.

Dialectics is linked, moving, and looking at things holistically. Sophistry, on the other hand, is the recognition of movement and ignorance of stillness. A typical philosophical sophistry is the words of Heraclitus' pupil Cladiru: "One cannot step into the same river at once."

There is also Obred who borrowed money from a friend but did not pay it back, saying that he was not who he was at that time. These examples are sophistry.

It is not the same thing, dialectics emphasizes the unity of opposites, for example, when the moon is full, it is lost, and when the sun is in the middle, the length is compared, and the high and the low are tilted.

Sophistry, such as the ancient Greek sages, the Chinese pre-Qin masters, etc., is actually to exploit the loopholes of language, to do tricks and feet in logical reasoning, so as to confuse the facts, famous propositions such as, white horses are not horses, hard and white, the wheel does not roll the ground, the exit of the mountain and so on.

Sophistry is nonsense, but recently you have believed ...

Dialectics is a relative understanding of the correct within the scope of cognition.

The same case of a lawyer according to the regulations of the law Victory is called dialectic.

A lawyer who seizes a loophole in the law is called sophistry.

(1) Vague and ambiguous. In the process of argumentation, the sophist deliberately violates the principle that the topic should be clear, and the argument is ambiguous and specious, trying to make different interpretations in different situations and justify a certain purpose.

All fortune tellers, face-to-face, and divination people, one of their magic weapons to deceive people and ask for money is to try their best to say vague words, puns, blocked on both sides, surrounded on all sides, and it is okay to say it on the right side, and it makes sense to say it on the contrary, and it is improvised, anyway, let you believe that his words work. This is pure sophistry.

2) Changing concepts and topics is the most common sophistry used by sophists. The main techniques used by sophists to steal concepts are:

a): Secretly change the connotation and extension of one concept to make it another concept.

b) Use polysemous terms to confuse different concepts.

c) Grasping certain connections between concepts and indicating points of similarity, erasing the fundamental differences between different concepts. (d) Confusing the concept of a set with a non-set concept, which reflects the properties of a class of things as a whole, as opposed to the concept of a set, which reflects the properties of each molecule that makes up a class of things.

e) Changing the topic. In the process of argumentation, they deliberately violate the rule that the topic should be clear and the same should be the same, and secretly change the topic. The topic of stealing and the concept of stealing are linked. Generally speaking, the exchange of topics is often manifested as the exchange of some important concepts in the topic.

3) False arguments. It refers to deliberately violating the rule that arguments should be true, and using fabricated examples and wrong principles as arguments to argue wrong topics.

4) Circular argument. The truth of an argument is proved by arguments, and the truth of arguments is proved by arguments, which is a circular argument.

5) Human-based. It refers to the transfer of the evaluation of someone's qualities to the evaluation of the judgment made by someone in the argument. In other words, replace the argument for the topic with an evaluation of someone's qualities.

6) Appeal to authority. It refers to not making any arguments on the topic, but only giving authoritative words to frighten and deceive people. In other words, the substitution of individual statements by authoritative figures for logical arguments on the topic. Appealing to authority is a special manifestation of "relying on people".

7) Personal attacks. It refers to the substitution of attacks and insults for arguments on specific topics. This is also a very bad style.

8) Mechanical analogy. It refers to the deliberate analogy of two objects that are fundamentally different in nature, or who only have some superficially identical (or similar) properties, and derive an argument that one object has a certain property and the other object also has a certain nature. The conclusions drawn from this mechanical analogy are unreliable.

9) Partial generalization. It refers to deliberately using one-sided and insufficient grounds to pretend to be comprehensive and sufficient arguments to make arguments, and to generalize one-sidedly in individual cases.

The difference between dialectics and sophistry is.

Options: a. Dialectics admits transformation, and sophistry denies transformation.

b. Dialectics and materialism are unified, sophistry and idealism are unifiedC. Dialectics advocates the view of development, sophistry advocates the view of stillnessD. Dialectics advocates the need for transformation, and sophistry denies the need for transformation c. Dialectics comes from the view that "things are developed and connected" in Marxist philosophy, and sophistry comes from metaphysics.

Metaphysics and dialectics are philosophical pairs. Metaphysics does not admit that things are in constant motion, and denies that matter has an objective, universal connection; Dialectics is the opposite.