How is pollen transmitted? What are the methods of pollen dispersal?

Two ways. First, insect vectors.

Second, wind media.

Pollination is the indispensable stage of sexual reproduction in green plants, and it has two methods: self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Self-pollination: bee pollen of pistils.

passed into the pillars of the same flower. Self-pollinating green plants must be hermaphroditic flowers, but green plants with hermaphroditic flowers do not necessarily carry out self-pollination, and a large number of them carry out cross-pollination. Soybeans, lentils, wheat seeds, wheat, white sesame seeds.

and so on are all self-pollinating.

Cross-pollination: Bee pollen from one flower is transferred to the pillar of another flower of the same main stem, or bee pollen from one flower is transferred to the column of another flower of a different main stem. Cross-pollination is more evolved than self-pollination, due to the somatic cells of both females and males during self-pollination.

The genetic difference is small, and continuous self-pollination will cause the vitality of future generations to decline. At this stage, there are still self-pollinating green plants in nature, which are the integration of the whole process of evolution and related to the breeding of future generations. When the standard is not suitable for cross-pollination, green plants can carry out the reproductive process according to self-pollination.

Most of the green plants in nature are self-pollinating, but there are also some individuals who are cross-pollinated. Self-pollination prevents bee pollen from being damaged by insects. Self-pollinating greenery has the characteristics of smoothness.

Cross-pollination of green plants can only be carried out by external forces, such as wind, insects, birds and even water. More widely there are winds and insects. Future generations are highly dynamic and resilient as a result of cross-pollination.

It is because the females and males are in different natural environments.

, the genetic inheritance of the two is very different. In the whole process of evolution, cross-pollination was gradually selected and developed into the pollination method of most higher plants. The method of transporting bee pollen at wind speed is called wind vector.

The vast majority of sedges are wind-borne greens, such as aspen trees.

Oak, ash, etc. Their flowers are called wind flowers. The perianth of the wind-powered flower is not obvious, there is no bright hue, there is no fragrance and nectar glands, and it cannot attract the help of insects, but their bee pollen is dry, light and small, and the amount is large, which is conducive to being blown by the wind, and a large number of opportunities for pollination are ensured.

The filaments of the pistils of grasses are longer and the anthers are the anthers.

Hanging outside the flowers, it can be scattered in the wind. This wobbling head inflorescence and anthers are all an infusion of wind-borne greenery into wind-pollinated plants. In order to increase the chances of receiving bee pollen, the pistil of the wind flower has a very obvious column extension.

The method of relying on insects to transport bee pollen is called insect vector, and the flower that relies on insect pollination is called insect vector flower. Insect flowers generally have a bright perianth, fragrant taste and honey. The bee pollen volume of insect-borne flowers is large, and the surface layer is not smooth, which is conducive to insect belts.

Pollen can be divided into wind-borne pollen and insect-borne pollen according to the mode of transmission

Wind pollen refers to pollinated pollen with the help of wind, generally pollen grains are small, light in weight, large in quantity, not easy to contain animal hormones, generally not easy to cause allergies, pine pollen is the pollen of pine trees, is a typical wind pollen.

Pine pollen, also known as pine yellow, pine has a very strong ability to resist pests and diseases, so it is not easy to produce pests and diseases, so there is no need to use pesticides, no pesticide residues; Pine trees also do not need to be fertilized, and the leaves are its best fertilizer, so there is no need to worry about pollen pollution from chemical fertilizers.

Insect pollen refers to the pollen with insects as the medium of propagation, generally pollen grains are large, heavy, insect pollen because the insect itself contains animal hormones, insects will bring their own animal hormones to the pollen when collecting honey, people are easy to cause allergies after eating, bee pollen is a typical insect pollen.

In addition, insect pollen has a characteristic, there are many types of pollen, because insects will collect honey from various flowers, so the pollen is not pure, not single, and when bees collect nectar everywhere, the pollen will be stained with various impurities, and the impurities are difficult to remove by honey, in addition, it is necessary to pay attention to prevent bees from collecting pollen with pesticide residues, because some plants can not avoid spraying pesticides.

In 1860, the Swedish botanist Linnaeus named pollen after the Latin pollen (which originally means "powerful, energetic"), which reflected the essence of pollen.

Ancient applications

China is an ancient civilization with edible pollen earlier, more than 2,200 years ago, the great poet Qu Yuan of the Warring States period in "Lisao" has "the fall of the morning drink magnolia, the fall of the autumn chrysanthemum at the end of the meal", the falling flowers referred to here are falling flowers, and the withered falling flowers naturally have pollen; The Song Dynasty's "Tujing Materia Medica" recorded: "Puhuang is the stamens powder in the flower, as thin as gold thread, when it wants to open, it will be taken, and the fruit is very good to eat with honey."

Pollen honey syrup "is the ancient traditional food of our country, in 1502 Suzhou published the farmer's daily manual "convenient for the people" in the "dry honey method" is a good way to make pollen honey syrup: add kilograms of pollen per 5 kilograms of honey, first boil the honey in the casserole, and add the pollen when the drip does not disperse.

"Convenient Picture Compilation" is the Ming Dynasty Hongzhi period of Wu County Zhixian according to the predecessor unsigned work "Convenience Compilation" adaptation, it can be seen that China's food pollen nectar preparation earlier than the Song Dynasty, to the Ming Dynasty has become a folk food.

Wang Shixiong of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Suixingju Diet Recipe" described the production method of pine pollen pastry: white sugar was boiled with water and pine pollen was added; In the Qing Dynasty, it was recorded in the "Records of the Year of the City of Beijing" and the "Records of the Years of Yanjing" that the pine pollen made cakes were: elm money cake, rose cake, vine flower powder cake, nine-flower cake, and there were also those who did not mention the name of the flower species, collectively referred to as "flower cake" and "spring cake".

These explanations have occupied an important position in China's recipes since the Ming and Qing dynasties.

There are two ways of pollen dispersal: self-pollination and cross-pollination.

1. Self-pollination: The pollen of the stamens is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.

2. Cross-pollination: the pollen of one flower is transmitted to the stigma of another flower of the same plant, or the pollen of one flower is transmitted to the stigma of another flower of different plants. Cross-pollination is more evolved than self-pollination.

Cross-pollination of plants requires external forces to carry pollen through wind, insects, birds, and even water. The most prevalent are wind and insects.

Flower pollinators include wind vectors (e.g., weeping willows, dandelions), insect vectors (e.g., most orchids), water vectors (e.g., water lilies, algae, salt-loving grasses), autologous vectors (e.g., most cucurbitaceae plants), bird vectors (e.g., peppers), etc.

Wind and insects, so there are wind-borne flowers and insect-borne flowers.

1. Self-pollination: The pollen of flowers and plants falls from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower. 2. Cross-pollination:

Pollen falls from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another. 3. Manual teaching: After collecting the pollen, use a pencil with an eraser head to dot the inflorescence.

4. Artificial powder spraying: Pure pollen and extenders are mixed and evenly sprayed on the flowers.

1. Self-pollination

The pollination method of flowers is self-pollination, and the pollen of flowers and plants can be pollinated by falling from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower, such as wheat, rice, cotton, soybeans and other plants are self-pollinating.

2. Cross-pollination:

Cross-pollination refers to the pollen of flowers and plants falling from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower, such as corn, peach trees and other plants.

3. Manual teaching

Flowers can also be pollinated by manual pointing, the pollen of flowers and plants is collected, then put into a dry bottle, and then dipped in pollen with a pencil or goose feather stick with an eraser head, and applied to the inflorescence.

4. Artificial powder spraying

When manually spraying, 1 part of pure pollen and 2-3 parts of extender are fully stirred, and then loaded into a duster or special pollinator, and evenly sprayed on the flowers at the beginning of flowering.

1.Self-pollination: The process by which the mature pollen grains of a plant are transferred to the stigma of the same flower and can be fertilized and set fruit normally is called self-pollination. In production, pollination between the same plant and different flowers and the same variety is often regarded as self-pollination.

Such as rice, wheat, cotton and peaches.

2.Cross-pollination: Even if it is a hermaphroditic flower, under normal circumstances, the stamens of the same flower will not mature together, therefore, the pistil of the general flower receives the pollen of the other flower, which is cross-pollination.

In dioecious plants, the only way to produce unisexual flowers in monoecious plants is to carry out cross-pollination.

Such as rape, sunflower, apple tree, etc. are cross-pollinated plants.

Plants need to rely on the help of various external forces to spread pollen to the stigma of other flowers. Under natural conditions, cross-pollination relies mainly on insects or wind. Flowers that rely on insect pollination are called insect-borne flowers, such as apple blossoms.

Flowers that rely on wind pollination are called wind flowers, such as corn flower beds, where many kinds of flowers are grown. ）

Methods of pollen dispersal include: wind vector (dandelion); insect vector (pollen) ; water-borne (goldfish algae); There is also its own ** pop-up (beans); Human-transmitted, animal-carried (Xanthus).

self-flowering propagation;

alienation propagation; wind propagation;

bee transmission; Butterflies spread;