The reasons for China s defeat in the First Sino Japanese War

1. National strategy and material preparation.

After the Meiji Restoration, a national consciousness and nationalist ideology have been formed in Japan, and every soldier knows that he is fighting for the country and is a modern army. The common people also know that they are united.

On the other hand, in the Qing Dynasty, in order to satisfy the status of the Manchurian aristocracy, they did not preach national consciousness at all, and the result was that the top and bottom did not have the same mind, and they used one of our forces to fight the enemy's ten forces, and there was a reason to be invincible.

2. Strategic campaign planning.

Japan has been comprehensively studying the Western military system for more than 10 years, and it has formed a base camp before the start of the war, and it is more effective to operate in strict accordance with the General Staff system.

The Qing Dynasty still didn't know anything about the emperor's command according to his own imagination, and the two sides made judgments.

3. Tactics. At that time, the Qing Dynasty's soldier tactics were rigid, and they still used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's queue to shoot, far behind the times, the Japanese had begun to use the tactics of the skirmish, and the Japanese did a better job in infantry and artillery coordination.

The same is true of the navy, where the Japanese gave full play to their advantage of speed and adopted the tactics of dividing guerrilla groups, which was praised by Mahan.

4. Intelligence. A few years before the start of the war, the Japanese had deployed enough intelligence officers to know the information here, and the Minister of War, Kawakami Koroku, also visited China several times for field investigations.

5. Officer selection and personnel training.

At the time of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese junior officers were already graduates of the non-commissioned officer academy, had received strict German-style training, and had better abilities.

The same is true of personnel training, the soldiers lack training, and in wartime, they often release their guns as soon as they see each other, and when they run out of bullets, they do not hit a few Japanese.

In the end, there is no reason to be invincible. Satisfied.

Cowardly conservative, ruling corrupt.

Cixi can also do not want the Yoshino, which later became the main battleship of the Japanese Combined Fleet, for the sake of excitement. Because for the Qing court, whether it is unloading the mill and killing the donkey, or cutting the land and paying compensation, it is just a pain in the skin for my Qing Dynasty, as long as the orthodoxy of the Qing Dynasty is still there, and the law of the ancestors remains unchanged, everything is okay to say.

The direct reason is that the combat effectiveness of the Qing army is not good, for example, the equipment is at a disadvantage, the personnel training cannot keep up, and the logistics supply is almost none; The deep-seated reason is that the feudalism of the Qing Dynasty is destined to lag behind the development of the times, and Japan's Meiji Restoration has achieved certain development results, but the Qing Dynasty is constantly regressing, closing itself to the country, even if there is no Sino-Japanese War, there will be other wars, and the Qing Dynasty has become a piece of fat in the eyes of the Western powers and Japan at that time.

Institutional reasons, backward systems lead to backward productive forces, and backward productive forces lead to backward military.

1.Lack of foresight: At the critical juncture when Japan was losing the country and the danger of war was looming, the Qing Dynasty instead relaxed its national defense construction, cut the military budget on the grounds of financial constraints, stopped purchasing ** from 1888, and stopped allocating funds for the navy's equipment and medicine in 1891.

2.Strategic reasons: Before provoking this war, Japan's wartime base camp formulated a plan for the overall planning of the navy and army""General Operational Policy".

Its strategic goal was to engage in a decisive battle with the Qing army on the Zhili Plain in China, defeat the Qing army, and force the Qing to submit. On the Chinese side, there was no clear strategic policy and operational plan before the war. In terms of strategic planning, Japan has already taken the lead.

3.Equipment disadvantage: In the Battle of the Yellow Sea, where both sides did not hold the right to control the sea, the Qing army met the Japanese army with inferior forces (two ships of more than 3,000 tons, 10 ships of less than 3,000 tons, 8 ships of more than 3,000 tons, and 4 ships of less than 3,000 tons).

Limited by the technical conditions at the time of manufacture, the effective firing distance of Beiyang is no more than 3,000 meters, while the effective firing range of Japan's Yoshino, which is equipped with a new rangefinder, can reach 5,000 meters. The Japanese army was also armed with new rapid-fire guns.

4.Partisan strife: In the late Qing Dynasty, the relationship between the Qing faction, led by Emperor Guangxu's mentor Weng Tongyi, and the Westernist faction led by Li Hongzhang deteriorated.

In order to limit Li Hongzhang's rights during the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing faction asked Emperor Guangxu of Chaqiao to transfer Li Bingheng, who had contradictions with Li Hongzhang, to serve as the governor of Shandong. Li Bingheng, a native of Liaoning, is a close friend of Weng Tongyi, and also belongs to the Qing Dynasty rumor, during the First Sino-Japanese War, he opposed Li Hongzhang everywhere, and all kinds of strange excuses did not send reinforcements, so that Liugong Island became an isolated island, and after experiencing tragic resistance, it finally fell.