What is theory and where is it wrong

The countries of the European continent were less influenced by nominalism, and the rational deduction method in mathematics was advocated in the study of natural sciences, so that the countries of the continent inherited the tradition of realism and paid more attention to general reality, believing that sensory experience could not provide knowledge of universal necessity, and that it was only through rational deduction that the truth could be obtained, which gave rise to the theoretical philosophy of the continental countries. Theoretical only regards rational intuition and rational deduction as the first of truth cognition, and believes that "spiritual intuition and deduction cannot obtain scientific knowledge", which emphasizes the extreme importance of rational thinking and ignores the role of sensory experience in the process of cognition, which makes it actually fail to scientifically explain the problem of the knowledge system; And building the knowledge system on the basis of pure rational thinking will inevitably make the knowledge system become water without a source and an end without roots.

Rationalism is also known as rationalism. A philosophical doctrine that holds that only reason is reliable, and one-sidedly emphasizes the role of rational cognition. Theory is the opposite of empiricism, which holds that all universal and necessary knowledge cannot come from experience, but can only come from a priori and innate "self-evident reason" and through rigorous logical reasoning, and only the knowledge thus obtained, that is, rational knowledge, is true and reliable.

The French philosopher Descartes was the founder of Idealism, and he advocated that there is a natural concept in the human mind; It is only by reason that we can understand things and distinguish between truth and falsehood. The German philosopher Leibniz held a similar view to Descartes. This idealism is idealistic.

The Dutch philosopher Spinoza was also a rationalist, arguing that knowledge acquired by experience is unreliable, contingent, and vague, and that only reason can provide necessary and reliable knowledge. But Spinoza believed that God was nature, the only entity, so his materialism had a materialistic tendency. Marxist philosophical epistemology scientifically reveals that human cognition is a process of development from perceptual to rational and from low to high based on practice, and that sensibility and rationality are dialectically unified, and sensibility needs to be developed into rationality. And reason is reliable precisely because it is based on perceptual experience.

In this way, it fundamentally opposes the empiricism and theory of idealism, and also overcomes the one-sidedness of the old materialist empiricism and theory. Rationalism also has a broad understanding, which refers to the tendency to believe in science, believe in theories, and ideas, which is opposed to "anti-rationalism" and "irrationalism".

If we define rationalism in a broad sense, then we can say that the European theory of materialism and the British empiricism, which is opposed to it, constitute the philosophical system of modernism.

Theoretical theory emphasizes that the origin of knowledge comes from a priori ideas, and human beings rely on the so-called "innate ideas" and use rational methods to reason and deduce "rational knowledge".

The most direct way to evaluate its limitations is to overemphasize the role of reason (rational intuition and rational deduction) and ignore the necessity and importance of experience in the human cognitive process.

If you want to "criticize" theoretical theory from other philosophical perspectives, I suggest that there is a lot to be gained from starting with epistemology.

Materialism believes that matter is the primordial principle, consciousness is derivation, there is matter first and then consciousness, and matter determines consciousness. Materialism has formed three basic forms in its historical development, ancient naïve materialism, modern metaphysical materialism (these two views are one-sided), and only dialectical materialism and historical materialism correctly reveal the basic laws of the world.

Empiricism is also known as empiricism. A philosophical doctrine that holds that perceptual experience is the only one of all knowledge and ideas. Empiricism exaggerates the role and authenticity of experience or perceptual cognition in a one-sided manner.

Devaluing or even denying the role and authenticity of rational cognition. According to the different solutions of empiricists to the basic problems of philosophy, empiricism can be divided into idealistic empiricism and materialist empiricism. The former asserts that experience is subjectively self-generated or God-given, and limits experience to the sum of sensations or appearances, which are independent of material nature; The latter holds that experience is caused by the action of external objects on the human senses, and is a reflection of the material natural world.

However, the common denominator of the two is that they regard experience as the only knowledge and understanding, one-sidedly emphasize the importance of experience, and ignore the importance of reason.

It is an epistemological theory that one-sidedly emphasizes the role of reason. Also translated as rationalism. Theorists believe that only the kind of "rational intuitive knowledge" that relies on reason to directly grasp the essence of things, or the knowledge obtained by logical reasoning by relying on reason, that is, rational understanding, is reliable, and the perceptual understanding obtained by relying on sensory experience is unreliable and often misunderstood.

In fact, it is not a wide range. Subjective Idealism One of the basic forms of idealistic philosophy. Subjective idealism regards a certain subjective spirit of an individual, such as feelings, experiences, minds, consciousness, concepts, and will, as the root and basis of the emergence and existence of all things in the world, and everything in the world is derived from these subjective spirits and is the manifestation of these subjective spirits.

Therefore, in the view of subjective idealists, the subjective spirit is primordial and primary, while the things of the objective world are derived and secondary. Subjective idealism inevitably leads to absurd solipsism, because it regards everything in the world as the manifestation and product of the subjective spirit of the individual self, and in fact believes that everything in the world can only exist in the subjective spirit of the individual self, and without the subjective spirit of the individual self, there will be no things in the world. The so-called "mind is reason", "my heart is the universe", "there is nothing outside the mind", and "there is no reason outside the mind" of the Luwang school in the Song and Ming dynasties in China, and the so-called "existence is to be perceived" and "things are a collection of ideas" in the British Berkeley are representative and typical views of subjective idealism and solipsism.

Objective Idealism Objective idealism is one of the two basic forms of idealistic philosophy. Objective idealism holds that an objective spirit or principle is an ontology that precedes and exists independently of the material world, and that the material world (or phenomenal world) is nothing but the externalization or manifestation of this objective spirit or principle, the former being primordial and primary, and the latter being derivative and secondary. The "Reason" of Cheng Zhu Lixue in the Song Dynasty of China, the "Idea" of Plato in ancient Greece, and the "Absolute Concept" of Hegel in Germany are all such objective spirits or principles as the ontology of the world.

The so-called objective spirit or principle of objective idealism is actually the result of absolutizing human thinking or general concepts, sublimating or distilling them into entities that exist independently not only from the human mind but also from or before the material world and concrete things, and at the same time further deify and idolize them, so as to fall into mysticism of creationism and religious beliefism. Thus, objective idealism is closely related to religion. It can be said that objective idealism is a more refined form of religion, and religion is a vulgarized form of objective idealism.

Objective idealism recognizes that the objective world is independent of human consciousness, and emphasizes that the "spiritual ontology" as the original of the world is endogenous to the objective world itself, and this "spiritual ontology" invariably carries the meaning of "the law of things", which makes objective idealism often unconsciously move towards nature and objectivity. At the same time, since "objectivity" is the core of the ideological system of objective idealism, it inevitably forms a rich dialectical thought, and these rational ideological elements are by no means accidental, but should be regarded as the "objectivity" of objective idealism.

Remember.

a.Denying the importance of rational knowledge.

b.Denial of the knowability of the world.

c.Denial of knowledge is a reflection of the objective world.

d.Denial of the importance of implicit lack of understanding in the testimonial.

The answer is to deny the importance of perceptual awareness.