What are the characteristics and changes of the color of pottery in different periods of our country

Ceramics during the Qing Dynasty: Chinese porcelain is at its peak. Thousands of years of experience, coupled with the natural raw materials of Jingdezhen, the management of the pottery supervisor, the three generations of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, because of political stability and economic prosperity, the emperor attaches great importance to the achievements of porcelain, and the emperor's hobby and advocacy, so that the porcelain production technology of the early Qing Dynasty is superb, the decoration is fine and gorgeous, and the achievements are extraordinary, which is the most glorious in the long history of Chinese ceramics.

Qing Dynasty ceramic production, in addition to the official kiln in Jingdezhen as the center, the kilns are extremely prosperous and prosperous, and have achieved great achievements, especially the west wind gradually, ceramics export, the introduction of Western raw materials and technology, by foreign influences, so that the ceramic industry is more rich and colorful, but also due to mass production and imitation of the style, the pursuit of fine and delicate work of the academy, although there are amazing works, but less creative and ingenious. Dehua white porcelain in Fujian Province is white and transparent, and the production of Buddha statues is quite famous.

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the export of ceramics developed out of Guangcai, gorgeous and shining. (1) pastel: the Yongzheng period is the most successful pastel, the main feature of pastel is the use of soft and elegant tones, fine and neat proportions, so it is also called soft color; The use of white puff base to form the body shape and then add color, and dyed into a shade of light and shade layers, fresh and thorough, warm and plain, with the meaning of flowers and birds and strong decoration.

2) Enamel color: Qianlong period inherited the atmosphere of the two dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, produced a lot of beautiful and exquisite works, and then spared no capital, the pursuit of creativity, the synthesis of various craft techniques, applied in ceramics, imitation of other materials of the product is also a lot. The biggest achievement in painting is enamel color, which was first fired with imported pigments, so it is also called foreign color.

The material used in the enamel color is crystal clear and the texture is thick, which is used as a decoration, and the pattern has a slightly convex feeling. Jingdezhen porcelain fetus transported to the court, ordered the painting institute to be painted, mostly belongs to the secret play of the inner court, so the decorative painting method is extremely fine, the pursuit of gorgeous and gorgeous, with the atmosphere of the palace, plus the palace Gu Yue Xuan style, all belong to the inner house, become the famous Gu Yue Xuan porcelain. (3) Purple sand:

Yixing purple sand to the Qing Dynasty output is larger, famous masters, in addition to the manufacture of Yixing pots, daily necessities such as bowls, vases, flower pots, etc., to maintain the true color of the fetus, full of antiquity, all kinds of color pottery are also creative. (4) weaving gold: weaving gold is to fill in the color with the edge of the gold thread ditch, which is quite distinctive, and the use of Jingde white embryo is exported in Guangzhou, and it has been passed on to this day.

5) Black porcelain: The black porcelain of Boshan, Shandong Province is a popular daily necessities for farmers in the north. (6) Shiwan Plastic:

Guangdong Shiwan characters have been highly valued in recent years, and the glaze color changes are numerous and lifelike, especially the story characters, whose expressions are vivid, powerful and interesting.

Judging from the archaeological materials currently known, the fine pottery in the pottery includes gray pottery more than 10,000 years ago in the late Paleolithic Age, red pottery of Cishan culture more than 8,000 years ago, painted pottery of Yangshao culture more than 7,000 years ago, "eggshell black pottery" of Dawenkou for more than 6,000 years, white pottery of the Shang Dynasty for more than 4,000 years, hard pottery of the Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 3,000 years, and terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Dynasty, glazed pottery of the Han Dynasty, Tang Sancai of the Tang Dynasty, etc. In the Song Dynasty, the production of porcelain developed rapidly, and the pottery industry tended to decline, but some special pottery varieties still have unique charm, such as Song and Liao Sancai ware and purple clay pots, glazed glass, French flower ware and pottery sculptures in Shiwan, Guangdong, etc., which are unique and highly appreciated. However, pottery has always been a low-grade product in the initial stage of civilization, and its own defects doomed it to be gradually eliminated by history.

What are the main types of primitive faience? How are its characteristics.

The main types of primitive faience crafts: the faience of the Yangshao culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the faience of the Majiayao culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are the most representative. The painted pottery of Yangshao culture is the most distinctive in Xi'an Banpo painted pottery and the painted pottery in Miaodigou in Shaanxi County, Henan, and the artistic achievement is also the highest.

The characteristics of the original faience process: the common shapes of the Banpo type faience are curled lip flat bottom or round bottom basin, small mouth pointed bottom bottle, waist gourd bottle, thin neck and big belly pot, as well as cups, bowls, pots, urns, retorts, kettles, etc. Decoration is generally in straight lines, and mostly forms straight-sided triangles, and rarely uses curves.

Mainly animal prints. The typical shape of the temple bottom ditch type painted pottery in the shape is: a large mouth and a small flat-bottomed bowl, with two kinds of folded lips and mouths.

The decoration is mostly a single black or purple-black continuous pattern in a ribbon pattern, and the pattern composition is mostly combined with straight lines and curves, mainly plants. The main types of painted pottery of Majiayao culture are Majiayao type, Banshan type and Machang type. Majiayao painted pottery has been made of pottery using the mud strip plate construction method, and the shapes are diverse.

Decorative patterns to spiral pattern is the most distinctive, the use of the point of the decorative picture to produce a fixed point and the core effect, Majiayao painted pottery in a large part of the painted pottery is painted with patterns, and at the same time there is an inner color.

The painted pottery that appeared in large numbers in the Neolithic Age is the perfect combination of practicality and artistry, and some of the unearthed painted pottery still has high aesthetic value. These pottery varieties are diverse, with different shapes, and have reached a high level in terms of material selection, molding technology and artistic processing.

The pottery of the Shang Dynasty came in a variety of colors, some of which were made of wheels, while others were built using the mud strip method, and the pottery was normally embossed with printed patterns. Shang Dynasty pottery has been greatly improved in the firing process with reputation, and the steamed bread kiln is the main kiln type. Lift big.

In the Jiangnan area, a new pottery kiln that is more advanced than the steamed bread kiln - the dragon kiln. In recent years, archaeologists have discovered Shang Dynasty dragon kilns in Shangyu, Zhejiang, and Wucheng, Jiangxi. This kind of kiln is generally built on the hillside according to the mountain situation, the kiln body is a long strip of inclined masonry, and the appearance resembles a dragon from bottom to top, so it is called the dragon kiln.

Compared with the horizontal cave kiln, the vertical hole kiln and the steamed bread kiln, the dragon kiln has a variety of advantages: because it is built by the mountain and is inclined upward, the kiln itself has natural pumping force, the kiln fire is large, the ventilation is strong, and the temperature rises quickly: according to the production needs and technical conditions, the length of the kiln can be increased, so as to improve the amount of the kiln, and it is easier to maintain the kiln atmosphere in the kiln (which is more important for burning porcelain, we will talk about it in detail below), which makes the Shang Dynasty pottery have a great development, and in the middle of the Shang Dynasty, China began the transition from pottery to porcelain, The earliest porcelain in China was born - primitive blue glazed porcelain.

In the late Shang Dynasty, China's white pottery was highly developed, and it became a very valuable and important pottery variety that accounted for a small proportion of pottery at that time.

Summary. Its - our Chinese nation is a nation dominated by agriculture, which determines that the way people live at that time is relatively fixed, different from the nomadic people, life - fixed, which is the corresponding demand for living utensils spontaneously, people began to use the familiar materials around them to create the required items; Second, out of primitive man's love and deep attachment to Mother Earth, the earth gave them life, and gave birth to grains, fruits, birds in the sky, and fish in the water to nourish them.

Its - our Chinese nation is a nation dominated by agriculture, which determines that the people at that time Heng Mo Wei living mode is relatively fixed, different from the nomadic people, life - fixed, which is the corresponding demand for living utensils spontaneously, people began to use the familiar materials around them to create the required items; Second, out of primitive man's love for Mother Earth and his deep attachment to Mother Earth, the earth gave them life, and gave birth to grains, fruits, birds in the sky, and fish in the water to nourish them.

Primitive pottery is the art of human childhood, it is the creation of the most simple and innocent period of human beings, and it is the creation of the trinity of human body, spring heart and spirit.

Early Neolithic period (c. 12,000-9,000 years ago).

The number of pottery found is small, the vast majority of them are pottery shards, the pottery is generally mixed with larger quartz sand grains, the use of primitive molding technology and clay chip molding method, pinching molding, the process is primitive, the utensils are simple, and there is no deliberate decoration.

According to the archaeological discoveries of Yuchanyan in Hunan Daoxian County, Jiangxi Wannian Xianren Cave and Bucket Ring, primitive pottery appeared in China at the latest in 12000 BC, and in northern China, pottery from 9000 BC to 8000 BC was also found in Zhuangtou, Xushuinan, Hebei Province.

Middle Neolithic (9000-7000 years ago).

The pottery process has been greatly improved, the mud sheet plastic method, the pinching method and the mud strip plate construction method are generally adopted, the red and brown pottery are the mainstay, and the firing temperature is increased, but there is a phenomenon of different colors on the surface of the vessel, and the decoration is generally relatively simple, and the painted pottery in the Yellow River Basin begins to sprout.

White Pottery Atlas. Early Neolithic period (7000-4500 years ago).

The rapid development of pottery technology, the popular mud strip disc construction method, the popularization of full wheel trimming technology, the wheel system technology began to appear in some areas, the color of the pottery is still mainly red, but the color is pure, with the passage of time, the proportion of black and gray pottery gradually increases, the decorative techniques are diverse, and the painted pottery in the Yellow River Basin is popular.

Late Neolithic period (4500-4000 years ago).

Pottery technology advances by leaps and bounds, fast wheel pottery technology is rapidly popularized, the output increases, black, black and gray polished pottery is popular, the style is elegant and dignified, in the Yellow River Basin, with the general appearance of bag-foot cookware, the model pottery process develops rapidly.