What is formal logic and dialectical logic, and how can it be explained in the simplest examples?

Dialectical logicThe difference from formal logic is that dialectical logic always emphasizes the premises, conditions, and relativity of propositions. Formal logic, on the other hand, often pursues a proposition that is universal, unconditional, and absolutely correct.

Dialectical logic is different from the logical law of formal logic, which is "either/or".

For example, Zhang San is either a good person or a bad person (formal logic), although Zhang San is greedy for money and lustful, he is very righteous (dividing various qualities into two - dialectical logic); Zhang San is very bad, but sometimes it is also good (in terms of time, it is divided into two, dialectical logic). Dialectical logic rejects one-sided propositions that claim to be universally and absolutely valid, divorced from concrete conditions!

It can be seen that the premise of "Zhang San is bad" is to talk about his quality of greed for money and lust; The premise of "Zhang Sanhao" is to talk about the quality of his righteousness; In the same way, Zhang San's quality is also transferred by the condition and premise of time. That is, dialectical logic gives certain preconditions when giving propositions.

This is also in line with dialectics.

One of the principles: everything is transferred by conditions, and contradictions are turned to opposite sides under certain conditions.

Invert. Dialectical logic believes that truth is concrete, and only by giving definite and concrete premises, conditions, standards, and references.

The government affairs of the proposition can be judged. The power of dialectical logic is not only that he can easily refute any point of view, but also that he can easily find a theoretical basis for any point of view.

Other differences: Formal logic, on the other hand, does not believe that a criterion is not needed, but rather that there is a universal, self-evident, self-evident criterion that naturally exists. In logic, the four laws of formal logic are used as the criterion for the rationality of thinking.

In physics, for example, the "ether" is used as an absolute frame of reference.

attempts. In ethics, the "gentleman" is used as the standard for measuring moral character. In daily life, "common sense" is used as the criterion for the rationality of discourse.

The deduction of formal logic shows the equivalence of things themselves, that is, in the process of deduction, the qualitative provisions of things cannot change from one qualitative stipulation to another. For example, if the regulations are Chinese chess, then in the process of playing chess (anti-yi), "the horse walks the Japanese character".

Definition: Contradictory logic is a theory that studies the laws of thinking that human cognition rises from the intellectual stage to the rational stage, including two types and two stages: analysis and synthesis. Analysis is from perceptual concrete to rational abstraction, and synthesis is from rational abstraction to rational concrete.

Contradictory logic is the primary stage of dialectical logic, and it is the intermediate link in the transformation of formal logic into symmetrical logic.

Symmetrical logic refers not only to the laws and ways of thinking of symmetry, but also to the theory of studying the laws of people's overall thinking. Symmetry logic takes the law of symmetry as the basic law of thinking, and is the logic of symmetry between the content of thinking and the form of thinking, the subject of thinking and the object of thinking, and the essence of science and the essence of objectivity.

Symmetrical logic is the advanced stage of dialectical logic, and it is the highest stage of logical development that unifies concrete logic and abstract logic. The emergence of symmetrical logic is not only the natural historical process of the development of human logic, but also the product of paradox. As long as symmetrical logic is applied, there is no paradox that cannot be solved.

The paradox-solving ability of symmetrical logic shows that symmetrical logic is the completion of logic.

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Formal Logic:If it's sunny tomorrow, we'll go kite flying. It's equivalent to saying that if we don't fly a kite tomorrow, then tomorrow won't be sunny.

This is the relation between the original proposition and the inverse proposition, which is equivalent.

This is what formal logic is to examine, and in fact it is to examine logical formulas.

Argument logic:Chinese are hardworking and brave, I am Chinese, so I am hardworking and brave.

This is the logic of an argument, in which the first Chinese is a set concept and the second Chinese is a non-set concept, and this argument makes the mistake of confusing set concepts and non-set concepts. Therefore, the above reasoning does not hold.

The logic of argumentation is actually to examine the understanding and analysis of the argumentation process.

1. The so-called formal logic is the expression of the homomorphism of "quality" under the condition that the provisions of "quality" remain unchanged. It reflects the "pixels" of things, the accumulation of quantities. That is to say, the deduction of formal logic shows the equivalence of things themselves, that is, in the process of deduction, the qualitative provisions of things cannot change from one qualitative stipulation to another qualitative stipulation.

For example, if the rule is Chinese chess, then in the process of playing chess (anti-yi), the rule of "horse walking Japanese characters" cannot be changed. If a person who plays chess will take the Japanese character for a while, and then take the Tian character for a while, he will do whatever is beneficial to himself, which is not allowed by the slag chain. In the deductive process of mathematics, no matter how it changes, both ends of the equation must be equal.

That is to say, in the process of deduction, the elements should maintain their own qualitative integrity.

2. Formal logic is the science of deductive reasoning and its laws, including the study of the logical nature of terms and propositional forms, the study of the structure of thinking and the study of inevitable inference, which provides the criteria for testing effective reasoning and non-effective reasoning. It sums up the lessons and lessons of human thinking, takes maintaining the certainty of thinking as the core, and uses a series of rules and methods to help people think correctly and express their thoughts. Kant first used this term.

Dialectical logic and formal logic are two different systems of logic, and the relationship between them has always been philosophically disputed. It is generally believed that dialectical logic and formal logic have two aspects of the relationship: connection and distinction.

1.Connection: Both dialectical logic and formal logic belong to the system of logic, and in some ways they are interdependent.

For example, formal logic is mainly the study of the logical relationship between propositions or propositional symbols, which is the basis of logic, while dialectical logic is the development and refinement of this worldly friend, emphasizing the problems of whole and part, contradiction and negation.

2.Difference: There is a big difference between dialectical logic and formal logic.

Formal logic is a logical system that is closer to reality by starting from the aspects of symbolic structure and symbolic operation, while dialectical logic focuses on the contradiction of things in the process of movement and development. Formal logic emphasizes the precision and consistency of deductive reasoning, while dialectical logic focuses on analyzing and resolving dialectical contradictions.

In short, dialectical logic and formal logic are two different systems of logic, both of which have their own characteristics and advantages. In real life, we need to choose different logical methods according to the actual situation.