What are the causes of acute nephritis? What are the symptoms?

Acute nephritis, short for acute glomerulonephritis, is a group of diseases with acute nephritic syndrome as the main clinical manifestation. Characterized by acute onset, hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, and may be accompanied by transient azotemia. Acute nephritis occurs after streptococcal infection and can occur at any age, but is most common in school-age children, followed by young adults, less commonly in middle-aged and older adults, and more common in men than women.

Onset is generally 1 to 3 weeks after prodromal infection (average 10 days).

<> acute nephritis has a rapid onset and varies in severity, with the typical symptom being acute nephritis syndrome; Acute renal failure may occur in severe cases. Most of these disorders have a good prognosis, usually on their own within a few months**. Typical clinical manifestations of acute nephritis are as follows.

1 to 3 weeks before the onset of initial symptoms, most patients have a history of respiratory or **infection, such as acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gingival abscess, scarlet fever, chickenpox, measles, **impetigo, etc., and some patients may have no pre-symptoms.

Abnormal urineAlmost all patients have glomerular hematuria, and about 30% of patients may have gross hematuria, which is often the first symptom of the onset of the disease and the reason for the patient's visit. Proteinuria may be accompanied by mild to moderate proteinuria, and a small number of patients (<20% of patients) may have large proteinuria in the range of nephrotic syndrome. In addition to red blood cells, there is a slight increase in white blood cells and epithelial cells in the early urinary deposits, and there are granules and red blood cell types.

Edema, more than 80% of patients have edema, often the initial onset of the disease, typically manifested as eyelid edema in the morning or accompanied by mild depressed edema of the lower limbs, a few severe cases can affect the whole body.

About 80% of patients with hypertension develop transient mild to moderate hypertension, usually associated with sodium and water retention. Blood pressure gradually returns to normal after diuresis. A small number of patients may develop severe hypertension or even hypertensive encephalopathy.

Early onset of renal dysfunction may result from decreased glomerular filtration rate, sodium and water retention, and decreased urine output (usually 400 to 700 mL/day) and, rarely, even oliguria (<400 mL/day). Renal function may be temporarily impaired and manifest as mild azotemia. 1 After 2 weeks, urine output gradually increases, and after a few days of diuretic use, kidney function gradually returns to normal.

There are very few cases of acute renal failure being confused with acute nephritis.

Drinking water infrequently, urinary tract infection, long-term medication for high blood pressure, often bad mood, and cold waist may lead to acute nephritis, the body will be very uncomfortable, there will be pain, there is no way to urinate normally, and there will be symptoms of hematuria.

Frequent overeating, frequent consumption of junk food, frequent lack of attention to one's mental state, and sometimes excessive stress. There will be severe pain, and the body's metabolism will have serious problems, sometimes kidney pain, and appetite will also be affected.

There are serious bacterial infections, viral infections, chronic disease nephritis for a long time, unhealthy diet, irregular work and rest, and poor body resistance. Severe kidney pain, body edema, blood in the urine will occur.

There are many causes of nephritis. For example, if hypertensive patients do not control their blood pressure in their daily life, there is a high possibility that the condition will be aggravated, which will affect the normal kidney function of the patient, and finally the problem of nephritis. Bacterial infections can also cause nephritis.

Viruses and parasites are one of the causes of nephritis. In addition, among all the factors that induce nephritis, upper respiratory tract infection is also one of the more common. In addition, if the patient is overtired, infected with viruses, improperly administered drugs, or staying up late for a long time, etc., the patient's resistance will be reduced, and the burden on the kidneys will be increased, which may also cause nephritis.

Acute nephritis refers to acute glomerulonephritis, and the cause of the disease is often secondary to acute upper respiratory tract infection and ** infection. Causing acute upper respiratory tract infections, the most common pathogenic organism is streptococcus. The clinical manifestations of acute nephritis are mainly acute, often after 1-3 weeks of acute upper respiratory tract infection or **infection, and the manifestations of nephritis are more typical, blood cells can appear in the urine, which are mainly red blood cells, and are heterogeneous red blood cells.

In particular, urine protein, which is dominated by glomerular albumin, can be present in the urine. At the same time, urine occult blood can occur, abnormal blood lipids can occur in the blood, clinical manifestations can appear increased blood pressure, and some severe patients can have increased creatinine.

Another major manifestation of acute glomerulonephritis is a decrease in complement C3 and complement C4, but it can return to normal within 6-8 weeks, which is the hallmark of acute nephritis that distinguishes it from other nephritis. If acute nephritis is accompanied by an increase in serum creatinine, the vast majority of creatinine will return to the normal range after aggressive **. However, a very small percentage of patients will have the sequelae of elevated creatinine.

Absolute bed rest should be done in the acute phase, and activity should be gradually increased after gross hematuria disappears, edema resolves, and blood pressure returns to normal. The diet should be low-salt (less than 3 g per day). Patients with normal renal function do not need to limit protein intake, but in azotemia, protein intake should be restricted, and high-quality animal protein should be the mainstay.

Relax your mind, avoid excessive tension and anxiety, live a regular life, and ensure adequate sleep.

Acute glomerulonephritis, more men than women, the severity of the disease, the typical clinical manifestations are almost all hematuria, about 40% of patients have gross hematuria, which is often the first symptom of the onset. Proteinuria is generally not severe, and less than 20% of patients with heavy urine and white urine are present. �

About 90% of patients can develop edema, which is called puffiness of the eyes and face when you wake up in the morning"Nephritis face"。Only a small number of patients have severe edema, which can be pitting generalized edema, and ascites may occur when proteinuria is profuse. Patients often present with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dull pain in the lower back.

Mild to moderate hypertension occurs in 80% of patients, and blood pressure returns to normal after diuresis. On serum tests, renal function is often abnormal, glomerular function may be normal, or transient impairment may occur, and if the daily urine output is less than 400 ml, azotemia will occur, and it will return to normal after diuresis. Resistance may be present on immunologic testing"0"Positive titer.

If these situations are not dealt with in a timely manner, the consequences will be unimaginable. If there is a history of tonsillitis or **suppuration** infection, and edema and oliguria, it should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible.

Edema: Nephropathy edema is characterized by edema of the eyelids or face in the morning, which mostly subsides in the afternoon, worsens after exertion, and lessens after rest. Severe edema can appear in low-hanging parts of the body, such as the medial ankles, lower limbs, lumbosacral region, etc.

High blood pressure: Hypertension caused by kidney disease is the same as other high blood pressure, headache, dizziness, dizziness, tinnitus and other symptoms, but some patients have tolerated high blood pressure symptoms due to long-term high blood pressure, so they can not have any discomfort. Therefore, it is not advisable to judge whether blood pressure is elevated based on the presence or absence of symptoms alone, and it is necessary to measure blood pressure frequently.

Low back pain: aching discomfort in the kidney area, dull aches or dull pain that persists. Urine output is too much or too little, and the urine output of a normal person is 1000 to 2000 ml per day, with an average of about 1500 ml per day.

Increasing or decreasing urine output can be a sign of kidney disease, especially nocturnal polyuria, which is often a sign of kidney disease.

Abnormal urine test: If the urine routine test reveals protein, occult blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, casts, ketone bodies, urine glucose, etc., further tests should be done to confirm the diagnosis.

Early symptoms of acute nephritis, the main symptoms of acute nephritis are edema, hematuria, hypertension, low back pain, and abnormal urine tests.

The diagnosis of nephritis requires a number of examinations, different types of nephritis have different specific manifestations, first of all, it is necessary to perform a urine routine examination, there may be urine occult blood, urine protein, urine white blood cells, etc., and secondly, the examination of liver and kidney function should be carried out, such as increased creatinine, increased uric acid, increased urea, decreased protein, etc., in addition to color ultrasound and other examinations, if necessary, needle biopsy.

Acute onset, history of upper respiratory tract infection, streptococcal infection is the most common, creatinine rises in a short period of time, hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, renal puncture must be done, there is puffiness of the eyelids when you get up in the morning, and there can be transient azotemia.