What are the knowledge points that must be memorized in the history examination in the second year o

The high school diploma exam must memorize knowledge points in history: the culture of the Qin and Han dynasties.

1. The characteristics of Qin and Han cultures: the organic combination of unity and diversity; Foreign cultural exchanges are unprecedentedly frequent; The level ranks among the world's advanced; Magnificent.

2. Science and technology: 1. Astronomy: During the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the "Taichu Calendar" was the first relatively complete almanac in China, which began to be headed by the first lunar month; In 28 BC, the record of sunspots in the Western Han Dynasty was recognized by the world as the earliest record of sunspots; Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty made the earliest scientific explanation of the lunar eclipse, and also invented the instrument for determining the first azimuth - the ground motion instrument, which was more than 1,700 years earlier than Europe.

2. Mathematics: The Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in the Eastern Han Dynasty was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time, marking the formation of a complete system of ancient Chinese mathematics.

3. Papermaking: China is the first country in the world to invent paper, the Western Han Dynasty has flocculated paper and hemp paper, Gansu Tianshui Fangmatan unearthed with a map of paper, is the earliest known paper in the world. In 105 AD, Cai Lun invented "Caihou Paper", the invention and improvement of papermaking, which was a great revolution in writing materials.

The knowledge points that must be memorized in the history examination are as follows:1. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to China through Central Asia.

2. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Taoist sect had the Taiping Dao limb talk taught by Zhang Jiao, and the five buckets of rice taught by Zhang Ling and Zhang Lu's ancestors.

3. The socio-economic characteristics of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the rapid development of the south of the Yangtze River and the relatively slow development of the Central Plains; The economy of the manor of the scholar clan and the economy of the temple and the temple occupy an important position; the low level of the commodity economy; Economic exchanges among various nationalities have been strengthened.

In the year, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the equalization system on the premise of not touching the land occupation interests of the bureaucratic landlords.

5. The most important achievement of the second industrial revolution was the widespread use of electricity, followed by the invention and use of the internal combustion engine, during which monopolies appeared.

The knowledge points that must be memorized in the history exam in the first year of high school are as follows:

1. Background of opening up new routes:

1) Necessity (causes) :(1) Economic roots: the development of the commodity economy in Western Europe and the germination of capitalism (root causes) (2) Social roots:

The "gold rush" of the Europeans (the motivation to open new shipping routes) (3) Religious roots: the spread of Catholicism (4) The commercial crisis: the Ottoman Turks occupied traditional trade routes (the direct cause).

ii) Possibilities (conditions): the development of the productive forces of Western Europe, the improvement of seafaring skills, the development of shipbuilding technology, the improvement of geographical knowledge, the support of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns.

For a long time before the middle of the century, it was the Italians and Arabs who monopolized the traditional trade routes.

3. The first countries to explore new shipping routes were: Portugal and Spain.

4. The first navigator to open up a new shipping route was: In 1487, the Portuguese Diaz, with the support of the Portuguese royal family, opened a shipping route from the African coast from the leased old Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the Cape of Good Hope.

5. The navigator who went directly to India was: the Portuguese da Gama. <>

6. The navigator who crossed the Atlantic to discover the American continent was Christopher Columbus, who sailed with the support of the Spanish crown.

In 1522, Magellan's fleet sailed around the world from Spain to South America, bypassing the Strait at the southern tip of the Americas, crossing the Pacific and Indian Oceans, rounding Africa, and returning to Europe.