Summary of junior high school scientific topography and plate knowledge points, as much as you can,

1.This unit examines the importance of geography and the common ways to learn geography. It is a common method to select a map as needed, and to examine the judgment of direction and distance calculation on the map.

Examine the law of longitude and latitude change, interpret the geographical coordinates of each point, and judge the low, middle and high latitudes and hemisphere position of a point according to the coordinates; Examine the names, locations, boundaries, topography of the world's continents and oceans; On the contour topographic map, the terrain is undulating and the slope is steep, and the names of topographic parts such as mountain tops, ridges, valleys, saddles, and steep cliffs are identified, as well as five types of land topography. Examine the knowledge of the plate, disaster avoidance and self-help.

2.In connection with actual life, the importance of geographical knowledge is examined through clothing, food, housing, transportation, production and construction, and local customs; By going out to see the weather, choosing a map for traveling, drawing a school floor plan and choosing a scale, we examine the common methods of learning geography and the important role of maps in life. Use examples to demonstrate the shape of the earth.

Combined with current affairs, finding the location of a certain point, judging its latitude and longitude, the middle and high latitudes of the place where it is located and the temperature zone where it is located, and examining the knowledge of continents and oceans and plate knowledge are the focus of this year's high school entrance examination proposition, presenting the proposition characteristics of the high school entrance examination that focuses on life and hot spots.

3.The importance of geographical knowledge and the choice of maps are mostly in the form of multiple-choice questions, reading graticule maps, focusing on the longitude and latitude of the longitude, latitude and latitude and special characteristics of the latitude and longitude, to test the students' understanding of the knowledge of latitude and longitude, to judge the hemisphere where a certain point is located, etc., in recent years, the high school entrance examination is often in the form of multiple-choice questions and reading questions. The interpretation of the contour topographic map is the focus of the proposition of the high school entrance examination, which has both multiple-choice questions and comprehensive questions, and the examination rate is relatively high, and the questions of the high school entrance examination are involved in almost all places; The distribution of sea and land in the world is mostly in the form of comprehensive questions.

Map. 1) Use the map to identify directions, measure distances, and estimate altitude and relative altitude.

2) Identify the names of peaks, ridges, valleys, and other topographic parts on the contour topographic map.

3) Identify the five main types of terrain on a topographic map.

4) Select maps according to your needs, find the geographic information you need, and develop the habit of using maps in your daily life.

5) Understand the use of electronic maps and remote sensing images in production and life.

2.The shape and size of the earth.

1) Use evidence that the Earth is a sphere.

2) Describe the size of the Earth in terms of average radius, equatorial circumference, and surface area.

1 The shape and size of the Earth.

1) The Earth is an ellipsoid.

The Earth is an ellipsoid with slightly flattened poles and a slightly bulging equator.

The Earth's equatorial radius is 6,378 kilometers, and the equatorial circumference is 40,000 kilometers.

2) The method of proving that the Earth is a sphere.

Columbus, Magellan and other famous navigators around the world.

2 Globes and maps.

1) Warp and weft.

Longitude: A line that connects the north and south poles on a globe.

Parallel: The line parallel to the equator on the globe is.

Equator: The equator is the longest parallel, about 40,000 long.

Prime meridian: The meridian passing through the former Greenwich Observatory in London, England is 0. The meridian is also called the prime meridian.

Graticule: The warp and weft threads are interwoven into a net, called the warp.

2) Determine the geographical location on a globe and a map.

A latitude and longitude can determine only one of the Earth's surface.

From the prime meridian to the east and west to the 180. , 180 0 belongs to east longitude and is usually denoted by an "e" (e.g.; 180 in the west of the city. It belongs to the west longitude and is usually denoted by a "w" (e.g. 34 w).

The equator is 0. Latitude, 90. North of the equator is the north latitude (denoted by "n"), and the more (denoted by "s"), the higher the latitude value of the southern latitude to the south. The 30 0 and 60 parallels divide latitudes into low, medium.

3 Schematic diagram of the plan.

1) Scale bar.

The scale on the map is a representation of the distance on the map compared to the field.

2) Direction. There are eight cardinal directions on the ground plane. on the map.

Directions expressed with graticules: on a map with latitude and longitude lines.

Directions are expressed with direction indicators: on maps there are roots on maps without latitude and longitude lines and direction markers.

3) Legend. A legend is a variety of symbols on a map that represent geographic things.

1 The inner circle of the Earth.

The Earth's interior can be divided into three layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core.

2 Crustal movements.

The earth's crust is in constant motion. According to the nature of the movement of the earth's crust.

3 Plate tectonics.

Plate tectonics, which divides the earth's surface into a number of rigid (including continental) plates, is less viscous in the upper mantle.

4. Volcano distribution and disaster prevention activities.

1) The main distribution areas of the world's volcanoes.

2) Disaster prevention activities.

Engineering defense measures: strengthen the resistance of various projects.

Non-engineering defense measures: Establish and improve disaster mitigation work.

5 Terrain. 1) The main topographic features.

Plains: The ground is vast and flat, generally at an altitude of 200

Mountains: The mountain is high and steep, and the altitude is generally less than 500 meters.

Plateau: The altitude is mostly above 500 meters, and the ground is flat.

Basin: high on all sides, low in the middle, and relatively high in the middle.

Hills: generally below 500 meters above sea level, 2) simple topographic contour maps.

Summit: The contour line is closed, from the outside to the inside, and the altitude increases.

Saddle: between two summits, from the top to the saddle, cliff: the overlap and merging of several adjacent contour lines.

Ridge: The contour line protrudes from high to low.

Valley: The contour line protrudes from low to high.

Hope it helps.