When did pox surgery occur? In which dynasty was the pox technique invented

Pox was first proposed by the Chinese in the mid-16th century. Smallpox.

It is caused by the smallpox virus and is a virulent disease. Once a normal person comes into contact with a sick person, almost all of them are infected. Even if you are lucky enough not to die, you will inevitably have pockmarks on your face, and you will look ugly.

In 1555, a smallpox epidemic occurred in Mexico, killing 2 million people out of a population of 15 million.1 In the 16th-18th centuries, 500,000 people died of smallpox each year in Europe and 800,000 in Asia. Smallpox was introduced from southern China around the 2nd century, and since then, it has spread rapidly northward. In the Ming Dynasty Longqing.

During the period (1567-1572), Chinese traditional Chinese medicine was the first in the world to find a way to deal with smallpox, which was human pox vaccination. In two medical works, Zhang's Yitong (1695) and Yizong Jinjian (1742), the pox method and the nose seedling method were described. This great achievement was first born in the Ningguo Mansion at that time.

Taiping County (now Huangshan, Anhui.

feet). Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.

Vigorously advocate the implementation of the whole country. Soon, many countries sent people to China to study. In 1717, the wife of Montagu, the British minister to Turkey, also learned the inoculation with the help of her husband and brought it back to England, and then spread it from the British Isles to various European countries.

In 1721, Polstone, an ordinary American country doctor, applied this major Chinese invention to successfully draw his children to be inoculated against human pox.

There are still different opinions on which dynasty the pox technique was invented, and the most popular is the Song Dynasty

1. Tang Dynasty said. In the tenth year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1884), Dong Yushan said in the "New Book of Cowpox": "Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty (713-741), the Zhao family in Jiangnan has passed on the method of planting pox. ”

2. The Song Dynasty said. In the fifty-second year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1713), Zhu Chunyan said in "The Final Theory of Pox": "During the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty (998-1022), the prime minister Wang Dan gave birth to children who suffered from pox, and later gave birth to children, and recruited "doctors" to inquire about prescriptions.

From time to time, some Sichuan people invited Chen to say: "There is a miracle doctor in Emei Mountain who can plant pox, and one in a hundred will not be lost." ......Where the east and west, north and south of Emei Mountain, all seek its pox, if the gods protect, people are called divine doctors, and the pox planted is called divine pox.

If the prime minister wants to plant pox with the prince, it is not difficult to go to Emei Mountain to urge. Within a month, the divine doctor arrived in Beijing and saw Wang Sumo's top day: "This son can be planted."

That is, the pox was planted the next day, and the fever was on the seventh day, and the next 12 days, the pox had become obsessed. Wang Dan was overjoyed and grateful. Later, this statement was widely cited in the "Yizong Jinjian" (written in the seventh year of Qianlong, that is, in 1742) and various medical books.

3. The Ming Dynasty said that in the fifth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1727), Yu Maokun said in the "Golden Mirror Fu Collection of Pox": "I heard that the pox method started in the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty (1567-1572), Taiping County, Ningguo Prefecture, and the surname was not examined, and it was a different person. The family of Danchuan has spread all over the world, and most of the people who plant flowers are Ningguo.

According to historical documents, smallpox was introduced into China from the Western Regions as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-56 years), so the prevention and control of smallpox by the ancient people in China began very early. Ge Hong, a famous medical scientist of the Jin Dynasty, has recorded this in "Behind the Elbow".

In the Tang Dynasty, the Jiangnan Zhao family began to pass on the method of nose seedlings to plant pox. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Emei Mountain Divine Doctor succeeded in planting human pox for Wang Suo, the son of Wang Dan, which was the first case of artificial immunization of human pox inoculation in China. By the Ming Dynasty, the pox inoculation method had been widely used and was improving day by day.

Cai Jingfeng believes in the book "World Records in the History of Chinese Medicine" that the earliest pox inoculation was applied in the Song Dynasty. Also agreeing with Tsai's views are Chinese Taiwanese scholar Liu Boji and British scholar Joseph Needham.

Liu Boji wrote in "The History of Chinese Medicine": "The ancient doctors of pox, only to treat their poison when it occurs, the method of planting pox and throwing pox seedlings in the nostrils was originally in the era of Zhenzong. There are gods in Emei Mountain, who healed for the son of Prime Minister Wang Dan, and his law was passed on to the world, which is the earliest person in the world to plant pox.

Joseph Needham, in his article "China and the Origins of Immunology" (Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1983), argues that legend has it that the first smallpox inoculation was carried out at the end of the 10th century A.D. (i.e., the time of Song Zhenzong) by a Taoist doctor who traveled from Sichuan. Joseph Needham researched and found this legend credible.

It is cowpox, a smallpox vaccine that is a specific artificial immunization method, the pit is the trace after the injection, the children born before the 80s of the last century, almost all have a scar on the arm of the "cowpox", which is the vaccination to prevent smallpox in that era.

In 1976, smallpox vaccination was introduced worldwide.

In May 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox.

Smallpox vaccination is one of the ways to prevent viral infection. The smallpox vaccine is derived from a live virus called "cowpox", which itself can produce severe sores, such as causing large ulcers throughout the body, and is more lethal to some immunocompromised people who have received organ transplants, cancer and eczema.

Immunization is no longer compulsory in our country.

During the reign of Song Zhenzong (998 1022), he began to use human pox inoculation. There are four methods: 1. Acne clothing method.

Clothing worn by smallpox patients is given to non-patients, so that healthy people are infected with light smallpox once to immunize; Second, the pox slurry method. The patient's pox pulp is dipped in clean cotton and stuffed into the nostrils of the non-patient, so that the healthy person can get a mild illness to immunize; 3. Dry seedling method, the patient's acne scab is ground into fine powder and blown into the nose of the non-patient, so that the healthy person can get a mild illness to immunize; Fourth, the water seedling method. Mix the fine scab with water and stuff it into the nose of the non-patient, so that the healthy person can get a mild illness to immune.

It is about 1,000 years old and is the world's earliest pox seeding technique.

Vaccinia virus is very weak in human pathogenicity and can only reproduce at the site of inoculation, but because it has strong cross-immunity with smallpox virus, immunity to smallpox virus will appear in the human body after vaccinia vaccination. There are three kinds of vaccinia for inoculation: liquid vaccinia vaccine, freeze-dried vaccinia vaccine and chicken embryo tissue vaccinia vaccine, all of which have good results.

It is generally inoculated in the left upper arm or middle of the outer thigh or the middle of the inner calf**. The primary and multiple seeds are one. If the vaccinated person is not immune, there is a primary reaction after vaccination:

Locally red papules appeared about 3 days after planting, pimples formed herpes around 5 days, turned into pustules around 8 days, formed brown crusts around 12 days, and scabs fell off after 18 days, leaving scars. This is a sign of success for pox. If the vaccinated person has been vaccinated with vaccinia before and is still partially immune, an accelerated reaction will occur after vaccination

The development of the pox rash is similar to that of the primary reaction, but the reaction is mild and the course is short. Generally, papules appear on the 2nd day after vaccination, and the herpes reaches its peak on the 4th and 6th days, and the scab forms quickly and the scab cover is small, which is also a manifestation of successful inoculation. If the person being vaccinated has recently had vaccinia and is immune, an immediate reaction (immune response) will occur

A few hours after the pox is planted to the second day, the inoculation site is slightly red, swollen, itchy or pimples, and quickly subsides within 2 to 3 days. However, since people who are allergic to vaccinia can also have this reaction, it can only be considered an immune response unless it is certain that the recipient has recently been vaccinated with cowpox and has had acne, and the pox technique is correct and the vaccinia used is indeed effective. Otherwise, revaccination with fresh and effective vaccinia should be considered.

If only scratches are seen after vaccination, the pox has failed and should be re-inoculated. Antibodies can be detected in the body 10 14 days after vaccination, and the incubation period of smallpox is 12 14 days, so vaccinia vaccine is inoculated on the second day after contact with the patient, smallpox can not be morbidden, vaccination after 3 7 days can also be non-morbid, vaccination after 8 10 days can reduce symptoms, and vaccination after 10 days is ineffective. Pox can also have complications, the most common being secondary bacterial infections, such as local suppuration, sepsis, etc.

If the vaccinia vaccine is more virulent and the immune function of the vaccinated person is poor or the care is improper, complications such as pox, creeping pox, transplant pox, systemic pox, eczema pox, and gangrene can also occur. If the vaccinated person is allergic to vaccinia, postpox rash, postpox purpura, and postpox encephalitis can occur, but they are rare.

China invented the human pox inoculation method as early as the Song Zhenzong era (998 1002), but this method was unsafe and sometimes caused smallpox. British physician Edward. Jenner discovered that women who milked cowpox no longer contracted smallpox, and in 1796 tried cowpox to prevent smallpox, which was successful.

Later, vaccinia vaccination was promoted worldwide, which played a huge role in the eradication of smallpox. In October 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world, and pox was abolished.