What are the distribution characteristics of chloroplasts?

Chloroplast. It is a type of plastid and is a green plant that performs photosynthesis.

of the premises. Plastids are peculiar to plant cells. It can be divided into pigmented chloroplasts, chromosomes, and non-pigmented white bodies.

Chloroplasts are mainly made up of lipids.

and protein molecules, in addition to a small amount of DNA and RNA in the chloroplast matrix.

Electron microscopy showed that chloroplasts were composed of a double-layer unit membrane (see figure below).

Schematic diagram of chloroplast structure.

The outer membrane is composed of two layers of unit membrane, the outer membrane is permeable, and the inner membrane material has strong selective permeability. There is a membrane space between the inner and outer membranes.

Substrate Chloroplasts are filled with a matrix in a fluid state with many lamellar structures in the matrix. Each lamellae is made up of two membranes that are closed around and are in the shape of a flat sac, called thylakoids. Thlakoids are also aqueous solutions.

Small thylakoids are stacked on top of each other to form a strigotryp, and such thylakoids are called sclerotoid thylakoids. The sheets that make up the basal grains are called basal lamellae. Large thylakoids traverse the stroma and are attached between two or more basal grains.

Such a lamella is called a stromal lamellae, and such a thylakoid is called a stromal thylakoid. In the process of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy.

The transformation is carried out on the thylakoid membrane, so the thylakoid membrane is also called the photosynthetic membrane. In the matrix of chloroplasts there are oil droplets with larger particles and ribosomes with smaller particles.

In the matrix are DNA fibers, various soluble proteins (enzymes), and other substances involved in metabolism.

Prokaryotes like cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria do not have chloroplasts. The thylakoids of the orchid algae are distributed within the cell, especially scattered around the periphery of the cell. Photosynthesis of photosynthetic bacteria takes place in the inner membrane of cells containing photosynthetic pigments.

This inner membrane is vesicular or flat sac-like and is distributed around the cell and is called chromosomes.

The amount of DNA in chloroplasts is higher than in mitochondria.

Significantly more. Its DNA is also double-stranded circular and does not interact with histones.

combined, it can be replicated in a semi-reserved manner. At the same time, it also has its own complete protein synthesis system. Of course, chloroplasts, like mitochondria, are controlled by two sets of genetic systems, nuclear genes and their own genes, called semi-autonomous organelles.

There are two opposing hypotheses about the origin of chloroplasts, as well as mitochondria, namely endosymbiosis and differentiation. According to the endosymbiosis hypothesis, the ancestors of chloroplasts are cyanobacteria or photosynthetic bacteria.

<> many thylakoids are stacked on top of each other like discs and are called basal granules, and the thylakoids that make up the basal granules are called basal thylakoids; Tharynoids that run between two or more basal grains without stacking are called stromal thylakoids. The pigments of photosynthesis are all distributed on the thylakoid film.

1. Chloroplast.

in the thylakoid membrane.

2. Chloroplasts contain green pigments (including chlorophyll.

a and chlorophyll b) and yellow pigment (including carotene and lutein.

Two categories. They bind to proteins on the thylakoid membrane and become the chromoprotein complex.

3. There are three main types of plant chlorophyllum body pigments:

1) Chlorophyll.

2) Carotenoids.

3) Phycobilin.

4. Chloroplasts of round and higher plants contain the first two types, and phycobilin only exists in algae plants.

Vacuole. Chloroplast.

It is a plant cell surrounded by a double membrane and contains chlorophyll.

Can enter the World Bank photosynthesis.

organelles. The interstitium is suspended by thylakoids made up of membranous sacs, which contain chloroplast DNA. There are three types of plastids: round, oval or disc-shaped. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b that absorb green light.

At the minimum, green light is reflected, so the leaves are green. It is easy to distinguish from the two alternative types of plastides: colorless white bodies and yellow to red colored bodies. The function of chlorophyll a and b is to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

The limbs are oblate and spherical, about microns thick and about 5 microns in diameter. It has a double-layer membrane with interstitium, which contains enzymes and sheets that are in a dissolved state. The lamellae are stacked from closed, hollow disc-shaped thylakoids, which form the high-energy compound adenosine triphosphate.

ATP). It is the "nutrient manufacturing workshop" and "energy conversion station" of plants. Base complementary pairing can occur.

Chloroplasts are mainly found in the following four places.

1. Leaf Xun lacks the thylakoid membrane in the green body.

2. Chloroplasts contain green pigments (including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) and yellow pigments (including carotene and lutein.

Two categories. They bind to proteins on the thylakoid membrane and become pigment-protein complexes.

3. There are three main types of plant chloroplast pigments:

1) Chlorophyll.

2) Carotenoids.

3) Phycobilin.

4. Higher plant chloroplasts contain the first two types, and phycobilin is only present in algae plants.

Chlorophyll is distributed on the thylakoids of chloroplasts.

Chlorophyll is the main pigment for photosynthesis in plants and is a type of lipid-containing pigment.

Family, located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. Tongsun Chop is mainly chlorophyll a and b, which makes the leaves look green.

Chloroplasts are the most important and ubiquitous plastids within plant cells, and they are organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts make use of their leaves.

Green converts light energy into chemical energy and CO2 and water into sugar. Chloroplasts are the world's lowest-cost, material-creating economies.

The largest number of biofactories.

It can be said that the energy required for almost all life activities is solar energy (light energy).

Greenery is the main energy converter.

This is because they contain chloroplasts, organelles that complete energy conversion, and they can use light energy to assimilate carbon dioxide and water.

into organic matter that stores energy, and at the same time produces oxygen. So the photosynthesis of green plants is the way for organisms on earth to survive, reproduce and.

The fundamental source of development.

Chloroplasts may have originated from ancient cyanobacteria, as chlorophyll is present in cyanobacteria. Some ancient eukaryotes survived by devouring other organisms, and some of the cyanobacteria they swallowed were not digested and instead relied on the domestic waste of the devourers to make nutrients.

The chloroplasts of higher plants are found in the cytoplasmic matrix.

Chloroplasts are generally green, flat, fast-flowing ellipsoidal or spherical.

shape, its morphology and distribution can be observed with a high-powered optical microscope.

The specific structure of chloroplasts is as follows:

1. Chloroplast is the organelle that carries out photosynthesis in the mesophyll cells of green plants, which is likened to a "nutrient manufacturing factory" and "energy conversion station";

2. Observing the chloroplasts of higher plants under an optical microscope, you can see that they are generally flattened ellipsoidal or spherical. Under the electron microscope, it can be seen that there is a double membrane on the outside of the chloroplast, which separates the inside of the chloroplast from the outside of the limb, and the internal scattered part of the chloroplast contains several to dozens of basal grains;

3. The substrate is full of substrate between the wide and strong basal grains. Each substrate of a chloroplast is stacked by a cyst-like structure, and on the film of the cyst-like structure, there are pigments that carry out photosynthesis, and these pigments can absorb, transmit and convert light energy;

4. The chloroplast substrate and matrix contain many enzymes necessary for photosynthesis, and the substrate also contains a small amount of DNA.