Whether enzymes, neurotransmitters, hormones bind to specific molecules or are transported to target

Exosomes as drug carriers: Studies have found that exosomes can enhance cell-specific targeting through membrane modification, providing a good carrier for drugs. Exosomes loaded with secretase siRNA can cross the blood-brain barrier and downregulate the mRNA and protein expression of BCE1 in brain neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes by about 60%.

Exosomes as drug targets: Exosomes can be used as potential drug targets because of their lipid bilayer membrane structure, which can protect the substances they coat and target specific cells or tissues. It was found that the metastatic cells carried a large number of exosomes miRNA-122, which can affect the glucose uptake ability of target cells, providing a high-glucose environment for diseased cells, thereby maintaining high levels of glucose uptake in diseased cells.

The results of this study indicate that exosomes mi....

Hormones travel down the bloodstream to every part of the body, but only target cells that encounter receptors on the surface of the cell membrane bind to them.

a. Most enzymes are proteins, a few enzymes are RNA, and the chemical nature of hormones and neurotransmitters is not all proteins, and a is wrong;

b. Hormones and neurotransmitters need to bind to receptors, and enzymes need to bind to substrates before they can play a role.

c. Hormones need to be transported to target cells with body fluids to play a role; Enzymes generally do not require transport of bodily fluids, c error;

d. Enzymes only have catalytic effects, d are wrong

Enzymes, which are proteins or RNAs in nature, have a catalytic effect, and can continue to catalyze or be inactivated due to changes in conditions.

Animal hormones may be proteins or peptides or monoamines in nature, which have the effect of transmitting information and are inactivated after action.

Neurotransmitters. The essence is an organic deficit material, there are many kinds of specifics, and it has the effect of transmitting information, and it is inactivated after the effect.

Anti-grandchildren are essentially globulins.

It has a pin-to-immune effect, and after the action, it forms a precipitate with antigens or cells or cell groups are engulfed and digested by phagocytes.

The chemical essence of enzymes is proteins, a small part of which is ribonucleic acid, which is synthesized by living cells, reducing the activation energy required for the reaction, accelerating the reaction rate, and not losing the active spike bond after the action, the essence of animal hormones is protein, polypeptides, derivatives of amino acids, steroids, etc., animal cell synthesis, regulating life activities, the specific role is very different, inactivation after action, the essence of neurotransmitters is generally acetylcholine, there are others, the effect is inactivated after guessing and matching, the essence protein of anti-leakage body, plasma cell production, inactivation after action, The humoral immune effector phase works.

Antibodies can specifically recognize antigens, an enzyme can only catalyze one or a class of chemical reactions, and neurotransmitters can be specifically recognized by receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, correct; After the enzyme plays a role, it can maintain the activity of the nucleus for a long time, and the anti-vertical slippery body and neurotransmitters will be inactivated, which is wrong; The catalysis of Li-Filu-digging enzyme is not related to glycoprotein, error; Intracellular enzymes are not secreted outside the cell, no.

The target cells that neurotransmitters act on are not necessarily nerve cells, but may or may also be muscle cells or glandular cells, which are collectively referred to as effector cells.

Neurotransmitter Definition: A chemical messenger that transmits, enhances and balances signals between neurons or between neurons and effector cells such as muscle cells, glandular cells, etc. These chemical messengers can affect a variety of physical and mental functions, including heart rate, sleep, appetite, mood, and fear of staring.

Billions of neurotransmitter molecules are constantly working to keep the brain functioning, managing everything from breathing to heartbeat to learning and attention levels.

Neurotransmitters are receptors released by the presynaptic membrane to act on the postsynaptic membrane and are two adjacent nerve cells, or nerve cells and muscle cells.

Enzymes can function both inside and outside the cell, such as respiratory enzymes, which combine with glucose to catalyze the breakdown of glucose, and digestive enzymes that bind to food in the digestive tract to digest food.

Hormones also act on receptors, but the location of the receptors is far away from the cells that produce hormones, and most hormones act on the receptors on the cell membrane, but some hormones act on the receptors in the cells, such as sex hormones.

Enzymes: basically proteins, but also a few RNA; It can react inside and outside the cell, reduce the activation energy of reactants, and will not be inactivated immediately after catalysis, and can participate in the reaction many times.

Hormones: containing proteins, amino acid derivatives; There are extracellular and intracellular effects, which depends on where the receptors that receive hormones are, which are basically outside the cell and on the cell membrane. After the hormone binds to the specific receptor, the body undergoes a series of reactions, which are broken down and inactivated.

Antibodies: all proteins; Antibodies and antigens can bind to each other and be excreted in agglutination, or broken down by phagocytes.

Neurotransmitters: contains comparatively miscellaneous proteins, amino acids, amino acid derivatives, inorganics (carbon dioxide), etc.; Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and most of them (carbon dioxide doesn't know how) are broken down. Inactivated.

Enzymes are mainly proteins, and a small amount are RNA. The hormones are generally aldosterone, antibody fusmolin. Neurotransmitters are complex, both excitable and inhibitive, I remember dopamine, and the rest is not mentioned in middle school textbooks.

The reaction is very complex, and there can be no words, such as enzymes, most of the reactions in our human body need enzymes. The inactivation of an enzyme refers to the destruction of its structure, depending on the conditions given.

The chemical essence of enzymes is proteins, a small part is ribonucleic acid, which is synthesized by living cells, reducing the activation energy required for the reaction, accelerating the reaction rate, and not inactivating after action, animal hormones are essentially proteins, peptides, derivatives of amino acids, steroids, etc., animal cell synthesis, regulating life activities, the specific role is very different, inactivated after action, the essence of neurotransmitters is generally acetylcholine, there are others, inactivated after action, antibody essence protein, plasma cell production, inactivation after action, The humoral immune effector phase works.

Enzymes are mostly proteins, and a few are RNA. It acts as a catalyst to reduce the activation energy required for chemical reactions. It does not change itself before and after the reaction. The enzyme passivates as the number of reactions increases, resulting in a decrease in activity and eventual breakdown, while a new supplement is produced.

Hormones include proteins, peptides, sterols and amino acid derivatives. Most of them are regulating substances for life activities, which do not supply energy, do not constitute components of living organisms, and do not have a catalytic effect. After the interaction, it will be broken down by its own related enzymes and become inactive, so it needs to be continuously produced.

Antibodies are immunoglobulins, which bind to the corresponding antigen to form cell groups or precipitates, so that the antigen loses the ability to continue to infiltrate normal cells, and is finally engulfed and digested by phagocytic cells.

Neurotransmitters include bioamines, amino acids, peptides, and others. It is released by the presynaptic membrane of neuronal cells in the form of exocytosis, which reaches the postsynaptic membrane through the synaptic cleft and causes excitation or inhibition of the posterior membrane. It is quickly inactivated and brought up after the action.

Test Topic: Regulation of Animal Hormones Characteristics of Enzymes Structure of Synapses Special Topic: Analysis:

Hormones are secreted by endocrine cells, and their chemical essence is proteins, peptides, lipids or amino acid derivatives, which are closely related to the nervous system Enzymes are organic substances with catalytic effects produced by living cells, most of which are proteins, and a few are RNA, which can play a role inside and outside the cell, and are affected by temperature and pH Neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic membrane to act on the postsynaptic membrane, so that the next neuron is excited or inhibited Neither hormones nor enzymes are pure acorns and constituent substances of cells. Some hormones, as information molecules, can change the activity of enzymes and thus affect cell metabolism a, hormones and neurotransmitters are information molecules that need to bind to specific receptor molecules, and enzymes also need to bind to specific molecules to catalyze chemical reactions; aCorrect b, the number of enzymes before and after the chemical reaction is closed, and the chemical properties remain unchanged, and the hormones and neurotransmitters will lose their activity after the action, b. False c. Hormone regulation belongs to the regulation of body fluids, which reaches the corresponding tissues and organs with blood circulation and regulates its physiological processes; Enzymes are secreted inside the cell or secreted outside the cell to catalyze specific chemical reactions; Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic membrane into the interstitial fluid (synaptic cleft); cFalse d, part of the hormone is protein, part is lipid, etc.; Enzymes are overwhelmingly proteins, and a few are RNA; There are four types of neurotransmitters: bioamines, amino acids, peptides, and others, so the chemical nature of neurotransmitters is not necessarily proteins

a. Most of the copy.

The number of enzymes is protein, the few enzymes are RNA, and the chemical nature of hormones and neurotransmitters is not all proteins, a error; Zhib, kinin, and neurotransmitters need to bind to receptors, and enzymes need to bind to substrates in order to work, b is correct;

c. Hormones need to be transported to target cells with body fluids to play a role; Enzymes generally do not require transport of bodily fluids, c error;

d. Enzymes only have catalytic effects, d are wrong

Therefore, b