Why ultra low temperatures change the properties of matter

At ultra-low temperatures, the rate of molecular movement decreases.

As a result, various strange phenomena that we cannot see in our daily life are produced, such as superconductivity and superfluidity.

These phenomena have been observed through various experiments, why do they exist, you ask?

This has to be explained from the microscopic point of view of the molecule, the atom, which is the most essential structure of matter.

There are various theories, mainly quantum theories, some of which are even controversial, so people are constantly experimenting, and then comparing them with theories, verifying and improving theories.

I'll give you an illustrative explanation. Resistance is due to the movement of the carriers are blocked, like if you are running in a crowd and you encounter a lot of people running from the opposite side, the resistance! When the temperature is low, a large amount of molecular thermal motion is weakened, and with limit thinking, we assume that it does not move, as if everyone does not move, let you run, you can find a loophole, where you can go in, so that you can run very smoothly, right?

Superconducting states are special states of matter that occur at ultra-low temperatures. The first to discover superconductivity was the Dutch physicist Camerin Annes (1853-1926). In the summer of 1911, he experimented with mercury and found that when the temperature dropped (about -269), mercury began to lose its resistance.

He went on to discover that many materials have this property: they lose their resistance at a certain critical temperature (cryogenics) (read our special topic "Advances in Cryogenic and Superconductivity Research"). Camerin Onners refers to the phenomenon of certain substances exhibiting resistance equal to zero at low temperatures as "superconductivity".

The state of matter in which superconductors are located is the "superconducting state", which will bring great benefits to mankind in terms of high-efficiency power transmission, maglev high-speed trains, and high-precision detection instruments.

The discovery of superconductivity, especially its peculiar properties, has attracted the attention of the world, and people have invested great efforts in the study of superconductivity, which is still a very hot scientific research topic. At present, the superconducting materials found are mainly some metals, alloys and compounds, there are no less than thousands, they each correspond to different "critical temperatures", the highest "critical temperature" has reached 130K (about minus 143 degrees Celsius), scientists from all over the world are desperately trying to sprint to the critical temperature of room temperature (300K or 27).

What is the structure of superconducting matter? At present, the theoretical research is still immature and needs to be further explored.

Metals will become superconducting materials, because all matter is composed of molecules, all have internal energy, the higher the temperature, the more internal energy of the molecules, the more intense the movement, and the lower the temperature, the slower the movement of the molecules, until the movement stops.

The rate of motion of atoms and molecules decreases.

Some superconducting materials, such as silicon, can be extremely conductive.

The resistance of some substances becomes zero, i.e., superconductors.