Who came up with the term critical realism ?

In Western European literature, critical realism is the inheritance and development of the realist tradition, which refers specifically to a literary and artistic trend and creative method formed in Europe in the nineteenth century.

Critical Realism"This term was summarized by later generations. Proudhon of France (1809-1865) was the first to make this in his book "The Social Mission of Art"."Realism is critical"Judgment, but because this person was the founder of a**ism and later became the spokesman of the Second Reich, Marx had criticized him in the book "The Poverty of Philosophy", and his reputation was not good, so his reference to critical realism failed to attract attention. It was Gorky who formally proposed critical realism and defined it.

Gorky noted; "Bourgeois'The Prodigal Son'Realism is critical realism; Critical realism exposes the vices of society and depicts individuals being suppressed by family traditions, religious dogmas, and regulations'Life and adventure', but unable to point out a way out. It is easy to criticize everything that exists, but it is better than to affirm social life and in general'exists'There is nothing to be sure of other than the obvious meaninglessness. "Critical realism has made great achievements in Europe.

In the twenties of the nineteenth century, critical realism began to take shape and gained initial development, and from the thirties to the forties, critical realism became the main trend in European literature after Romanticism. Gorky called it"One of the major, and most magnificent, and beneficial literary genres of the nineteenth century"。France is the birthplace of critical realism, Stendhal laid the foundation for this literary and artistic trend with ** "Red and Black", and Balzac's "Human Comedy" has become the highest achievement of critical realism.

In addition, Flaubert, Mérimée, Zola, Maupassant, Dude, Alexandre Dumas and Romain Rolland all poured into the literary world with the sharp edge of critical realism, forming a magnificent artistic torrent of critical realism in the nineteenth century. The whole era has produced many writers, many masterpieces, and the literary world is magnificent. In England, Dickens and Thackeray also represented the interests of the petty bourgeoisie at that time, exposing and criticizing the evils and corruption of the capitalist social reality.

Dickens's "David Copperfield", "Hard Times" and "A Tale of Two Cities", etc., Thackeray's masterpiece is "Vanity Fair". In addition, Charlotte Brontë and Mrs. Gaskell also joined the ranks of critical realist writers with excellent literary works. Marx called them genus"A group of outstanding ** homes in modern Britain", indicated:

They revealed more political and social truths to the world in their remarkable, vividly illustrated books than all professional politicians, political commentators, and Taoists combined. "

Critical Realism"This term was summarized by later generations.

It was Gorky who formally proposed critical realism and defined it. Gorky noted; "Bourgeois'The Prodigal Son'Realism is critical realism;

A History of Chinese Literature in the Twentieth Century

In the history of Chinese literature in the 20th century, realism had a profound influence and many artistic schools developed. Critical realism, socialist realism, absurd realism, neo-realism, realist shock waves, etc.

Realism has to face reality, life, and experience, but it is not simply "reflecting" reality, but integrating the writer's observation, thinking, and world view in the process of facing reality. In this sense, realism is not a "copy" of real life, and behind the realist works there is the writer's main thought, personality, style, as well as the unique life experience and artistic framing frame.