What is the difference between Lamarck s doctrine of use and use and Darwin s theory of natural s

Use in and out: the organs of the organism will become developed if they are used regularly, and they will gradually degenerate if they are not used regularly; And acquired genes can be passed on to the next generation, Lamarck believes that species are all "upward" development.

Natural selection: biological genes are selected by nature, mutated genes are preserved if they are suitable for the environment, and genes that are not suitable for the environment are eliminated, and the evolution of species is gradual and there is natural selection.

Taking the evolution of giraffes as an example, Lamarck believes that the original giraffe had a short neck, and in order to eat the leaves of the trees at high places, the giraffe kept stretching its neck, and as a result, the neck became longer and longer. The evolution of giraffes is the result of continuous elongation (subjective agency).

Darwin believed that giraffes were originally mutated, with long and short necks, and due to lack of food, the short-necked giraffes were eliminated, leaving the longer necks, and after gradual accumulation, the current giraffes were formed. In the process of evolution, the "natural environment" plays a leading role.

There are differences between Lamarck's "use-in-use-and-waste" theory and Darwin's "theory of natural selection" in terms of evolutionary principles, adaptation to the environment, and individual differences.

"The Theory of Use-in-Waste and Retirement" is an evolutionary theory proposed by Lamarck, which believes that the traits of living things are strengthened by use, degraded by discard, and that the changed traits can be passed on to future generations. This doctrine emphasizes the initiative and agency of organisms themselves in the process of evolution, and regards the relationship between organisms and the environment as interacting and influencing each other.

The "Theory of Natural Selection" is Darwin's theory of evolution that states that the reproduction of organisms produces individual differences, and these differences affect the success of individuals in survival and reproduction. Those who are more adaptable are more likely to survive and reproduce, while those who are less adaptable are more likely to be eliminated. This doctrine emphasizes the role of the natural environment in the process of selection, and sees living things as shaped and selected by the environment.

In general, the "theory of use-in-use-waste-out" focuses on the initiative of organisms themselves, while the "theory of natural selection" focuses on the selection role of the environment, and there are fundamental differences between the two in terms of evolutionary principles, adaptation to the environment, and individual differences. However, both theories have their limitations, and modern biology has viewed evolution as a more complex process involving multiple factors such as genetic mutations, genetic drift, and species migration.

Lamarck's "use-in-waste" evolutionary theory.

Opinion: The organisms that exist today are the result of changes from other species;

Use in and out: the organs of the organism will become developed if they are used regularly, and they will gradually degenerate if they are not used regularly;

Acquired inheritance: Acquired traits in organisms can be inherited;

Directional variation: Variation in organisms must change in the direction of adaptation to the environment.

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection.

Opinion: Believe that the dominant factor in biological evolution is not natural selection, but neutral selection that is neither good nor bad Neutral mutations are fixed or disappeared through genetic drift, the evolutionary raw materials provided by mutations are accidental, and the path and direction of evolution are also largely determined by chance, that is, by the random and free combination of biomolecules, regardless of the surrounding environment.

The rate of neutral mutation is equal to the rate of molecular evolution, and its rate is constant.

The key difference is that Lamarck's doctrine must rely on the assumption that "acquired heritability."

Lamarck believed that the traits acquired by an organism after birth could be passed on to its offspring, such as some organs used more and became more developed, and some organs used less and gradually degenerated, and these changes would be inherited by future generations, and after many generations of accumulation, the species underwent significant changes and became new species.

Darwin's doctrine does not recognize acquired inheritance, and only an innate variation of an organism can be passed on to its offspring. The congenital mutation is completely random, there are all kinds of things, after birth, it is screened by the living environment, the mutation that adapts to the environment is easy to survive, and it is more difficult to survive if it does not adapt to the environment, after many generations of reproduction, it is not easy to survive is less and less, and finally disappears, and those that are easy to survive gradually become the dominant species, and new species are born.

In the case of giraffes, both Lamarckists and Darwinists admit that the ancestors of giraffes were short-necked. The difference is that the Lamarckists believe that the neck is longer because the giraffe's ancestors often stretched their necks to eat leaves in high places, and the musculoskeletal of the neck became developed, so the necks of the offspring will also develop from generation to generation, and finally become giraffes. Darwinists believe that the descendants of the ancestors of giraffes have long necks and some have short necks, and the offspring with long necks are easy to eat leaves in high places, so they can avoid competing for food with those creatures that eat leaves in lower places and grass leaves on the ground, so the chances of survival are slightly greater than those of brothers and sisters with short necks, so the proportion of long necks increases in each generation, and finally the whole species becomes long necks.

Acquired inheritance has long been denied experimentally, and if the tail of the mouse is cut off, the offspring will not be short-tailed mice. Lamarck's doctrine lost its basis and was quickly abandoned.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the French biologist Lamarck put forward two famous principles: "use in and out" and "acquired inheritance".

At the beginning of the 19th century, Lamarck was the scientist who put forward the early idea of biological evolution of "use in and waste out".

Charles Darwin, a British biologist, proposed the "theory of biological evolution".

Of course, Darwin's "Theory of Evolution" is superior, or would his book be famous!

Darwin, just don't ask.