What are the signs of a genetic mutation?

There are too many signs of this. It depends on which way it mutates ...

If it were to be explained, it would be long. Copy it to you.

Genetic mutations. gene mutation

Changes in the structure of genes caused by the addition, deletion, or change of base pairs in a DNA molecule are called gene mutations.

Characteristic. Mutations in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and no matter what type of mutations, all have common characteristics such as randomness, rarity, and reversibility.

Randomness. It means that the occurrence of a genetic mutation is random in time, in the individual who occurs in the mutation, and in the gene in which the mutation occurs. The myriad mutations found in higher plants illustrate the randomness of genetic mutations. In bacteria, the situation is far more complicated.

Rarity. Mutations are extremely rare, and wild-type genes are mutated at very low mutation rates.

Reversibility. Mutated genes, in turn, can become wild-type genes by mutations, a process called revert mutations. The forward mutation rate is always higher than the reverting mutation rate, and only a structural change in the location of a mutated gene can restore it to its original state.

Less profit and more harm. Genetic mutations can have adverse effects, such as elimination or death, but in rare cases, species become more adaptable.

Non-directional. For example, the A gene that controls black hair may be mutated to A+, which controls white hair, or A- that controls green hair

Class. According to phenotypic effects, mutants can be divided into morphological mutants, biochemical mutants, and lethal mutants. Such a distinction does not address the nature of mutations, and it is not strict.

Because morphological mutations and lethal mutations must have their biochemical basis, strictly speaking, all mutations are biochemical mutations. According to the type of gene structure change, mutations can be divided into four types: base replacement, frame shift, deletion and insertion. According to the way the genetic information is changed, mutations can be divided into two categories: missense and nonsense.

1.Base replacement: caused by a change in a pair of bases at a site.

2.Frameshift mutations: Caused by the addition or subtraction of 1-2 bases at a site.

3.Deletion mutation: Caused by the deletion of a small piece of DNA within a gene.

4.Insertional mutations: Caused by the addition of a small piece of foreign DNA to the gene.

Albinism, ocular albinism, ** vitiligo.

Gene mutations can be caused by three ways: physical, chemical, and biological. Under normal circumstances, genes have strong stability and are not easy to change, but genes can be mutated under the action of internal and external environmental factors to a certain extent.

1. Physical factors:

1. Ultraviolet rays: Ultraviolet radiation can cause damage to genetic material, make thymine abnormally change, affect the structure of the DNA chain, and when DNA replication occurs, base pairing errors can occur, thereby causing gene mutations. Therefore, long-term exposure to the sun is easy to cause gene mutations;

2. Ionizing radiation: such as X-rays, rays, rays, rays, etc., ionizing radiation can penetrate genetic material, cause DNA breakage damage, and easily cause gene mutations. However, a certain dose of radiation is required to cause a genetic mutation.

2. Chemical factors:

Chemicals such as hydroxylamines and nitrites can replace normal base pairs with wrong bases, which may produce errors during replication and lead to genetic mutations. Base-like substances may also be doped in DNA molecules to replace normal bases, causing pairing errors and causing genetic mutations. In addition, aromatic compounds can cause the loss or dislocation of bases, and alkylating agents such as formaldehyde and vinyl chloride can mutagenesis, resulting in gene errors, etc., which may cause gene mutations.

3. Biological factors:

Some viruses, such as influenza virus, herpes virus, bacteria, etc., can destroy the normal replication of human DNA and mutagenesis the human body to mutate while replicating the genetic material of the virus.

A genetic mutation is a single gene mutation. Single-gene mutations are divided into autosomal dominant diseases, autosomal recessive diseases, sex-linked genetic diseases, X-linked genetic diseases, and Y-linked genetic diseases. The transmission of this type of disease between parents and children follows Mendelian's law of inheritance, and it has been found that it has characteristic clinical manifestations and has 2280 pathogenic genes in line with Mendelian inheritance mode.