Classical Chinese Translation and Writing Skills, Skills and Methods of Translating Classical Chines

First, the basic methods of classical Chinese translation:

1. Grasp the key words.

The key real words, from the point of view of the part of speech, are mostly verbs, followed by adjectives and nouns. Translate the key real words in place, that is, to accurately understand the common and false words, polysemous words, ancient and modern synonyms, active words (nouns used as adverbs, adjectives used as verbs, intentional verbs, making verbs, etc.), and special difficult words in the sentence, and correctly reflected in the translation.

2. Grasp the key virtual words.

Key imaginary words mainly refer to adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions in literary sentences. There are two points to pay attention to in the translation of imaginary words: Must be translated:

If there is a real word, the real meaning should be translated, such as "zhi" and "it" as pronouns; In modern Chinese, there are corresponding virtual words that are interchanged, such as "zhi", "and", "to", "yu", etc. It does not need to be translated: the grammatical "zhi" in the sentence, the pronunciation word, and the mood particle at the end of the sentence.

3. Familiar with Chinese sentence patterns.

Classical Chinese sentence structure is an important scoring point in translation questions, and it is the key to review the special sentence structure in the translated sentence. To understand the sentence structure and usage content that are different from those of modern Chinese, it is necessary to pay attention to accumulation, and focus on mastering the definite postposition, object preposition sentence and fixed sentence structure that are easy to ignore.

2. Basic skills of classical Chinese translation.

The so-called literal translation refers to the use of modern Chinese words to translate the original text word by word, so that the real words and imaginary words are as relative in meaning as possible. The so-called paraphrasing is to translate according to the meaning of the sentence, so as to conform to the meaning of the original text as much as possible, and the sentence should take care of the meaning of the original text as much as possible.

3. The specific steps of classical Chinese translation.

Retention, replacement, adjustment, deletion, supplementation, change.

1. "Stay" means to retain some basic words and proper nouns in classical Chinese.

2. "Change":

Replace classical Chinese words with modern Chinese words, replace monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese with two-syllable words in modern Chinese, replace ancient and modern synonyms with ancient Chinese meanings, replace trembling fake words with local words, replace active words with activated words, etc. The translation should be thorough and in place, so as to prevent the text from being mixed and nondescript.

3. "Tune" means that according to the habits of modern Chinese, on the basis of translation, the word order of special sentence patterns is adjusted to make the translated sentences smooth.

There are several types of sentences that need to be adjusted when translating:

The prepositional phrase is followed by a sentence, and the prepositional phrase should be moved to the front of the predicate socks when translating into the hole.

When translating, the definite sentence should be moved before the modified and restricted central sentence.

4. "Delete" means to delete the words and imaginary words that have no meaning or need to be translated.

Some words in classical Chinese sentences, such as the beginning of the sentence particle "gai" and "fu", the syllable particle "zhi", and the conjunction "while" used on special occasions, can be deleted without translation without affecting the accuracy and smoothness of the translation.

5. "Supplement" means to make up the omitted or implicit components in the classical Chinese, such as the omitted subject, predicate, object and preposition "Yu" in the sentence, so as to complete the meaning of the sentence.

6. "Change" refers to the flexible translation according to the context.

Translation of substitution, exaggeration, intertextuality, euphemism, and dictionary.

Translation of the borrowed generation. Ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are very different in the use of borrowing, in ancient Chinese, if the borrowing is translated literally, it will be very confusing and incomprehensible, so the borrowing should be paraphrased, translated as the person or thing it refers to.

Exaggerated translation. In terms of state and degree, add "like" or "soon" in front of the translation.

Intertextual translation. Intertextuality is also known as "intertextuality", and the meaning of two sentences or two phrases before and after intersects and complements each other, and the two parts should be translated together.

Euphemistic translation. In order to avoid vulgarity, taboos, auspiciousness, or diplomatic needs, the ancients sometimes deliberately did not state their things directly, and said them very implicitly and tactfully. When we translate it, we should restore its original meaning.

Translation of the dictionary. In order to make the article elegant and concise, the ancients would often quote allusions. Translation of allusions often adopts the point meaning method, that is, the allusions are not copied, but only the connotation of the allusions.

Introduction: Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese. It may have been processed in the earliest written language based on spoken language. The following is a compilation of tips on how to translate classical Chinese. Welcome to the reading!

Chapter 1: Translation Methods and Skills of Classical Chinese

Classical Chinese translation is a kind of sexual practice, which can not only test the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and the students' written expression ability.

Classical Chinese translation requires the implementation of word for word, mainly literal translation, supplemented by paraphrase translation. Try to maintain the language style of the original text. The steps of translation should first read through the whole text, grasp the gist of the article, know it in your heart, and avoid rushing to translate as soon as it comes up.

When translating, if you encounter difficult words and sentences, you can temporarily let them go, and wait for the context to be translated, and then scrutinize. Once you have translated the text, read through it again and check for corrections to prevent mistranslations, omissions, and mistranslations.

The standard of translation is to be faithful, reachable, and elegant.

The method of translation can be roughly summarized as six words: pairing, changing, retaining, deleting, supplementing, and adjusting.

1) Yes, that is, the translation, word by word. Such as:

The Zheng people put me in charge of the north gate.

Zheng Guoren asked me to take charge of the key to their north gate.

2) Change, that is, to replace ancient words with modern words. As in the previous sentence: make let; theirs; Tube key.

3) Stay, that is, to retain some basic words and proper nouns in classical Chinese. For example, the names of people, places, countries, dynasties, official positions, years, political regions, rules and regulations, and weights and measures do not need to be translated, and they are retained as they are. The person in the example above, me, and the North Gate are like that.

4) Deletion is the deletion of certain imaginary words in classical Chinese. Some words in the language only play their grammatical role in the sentence, and they do not have to and cannot be implemented in translation, as long as they do not affect the tone, they can be deleted. Such as:

Adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, some conjunctions that are connected in the middle of the sentence, supplementary syllables or pauses, and auxiliary words that only play a structural role can be omitted without translation.

5) Supplement, that is, to make up for the omitted elements in the classical Chinese.

6) Tune, that is, to adjust the word order. For example, the object is preposed, the definite is postposed, and the subject-verb is inverted. When translating, it is necessary to adjust these inverted components, otherwise it will not conform to modern Chinese grammar.

Chapter 2: Translation Methods and Skills of Classical Chinese

1. Retention method:

That is, proper nouns in classical Chinese, such as personal names, place names, official names, jue names, nicknames, temple names, year names, book titles, etc., do not need to be translated.

2. Addition:

That is, adding words before or after monosyllabic words to make them two-syllable words or phrases.

3. Interpretation:

That is, a word can be interpreted as it is.

4. Paraphrasing:

Words that conform to modern Chinese habits are used to express words that use a certain figure of speech.

5. Rephrasing:

That is, to retranslate the idiomatic expressions in classical Chinese into modern expressions.

6. Supplementary Law:

That is, the omitted elements in the above sentence are filled in first, and then translated.

7. Sequence adjustment method:

That is, the inverted sentences (subject-verb inverted sentences, object-subject preposition sentences, definite postposition sentences, adverbial postposition sentences) in classical Chinese are translated into non-inverted sentences.

Methods and Techniques of Classical Chinese Translation: Swap Method, Addition Method, Interconnection Method, Retention Method, and Deletion Method.

1. Swap method.

Many sentence structures in classical Chinese are different from those of Yesolu in modern Chinese, and there are often sentence patterns such as object preposition, definite postposition, adverbial postposition, and preposition structure postposition (collectively referred to as inverted sentences in classical Chinese), and if they are translated in the order of the original sentences, the meaning will be ambiguous.

2. Supplementation method.

The classical Chinese is concise and concise, so the phenomenon of omitting components is more prominent. The method of supplementing the translation of classical Chinese is to complete the important components omitted in the sentence and make the meaning of the sentence complete.

3. Interconnection Law.

In classical Chinese, the relevant words in several things (or several clues) are sometimes juxtaposed, or echo each other, complement each other, or play an emphatic role, which is a common rhetorical device called intertextuality and mention in ancient Chinese.

4. Retention method.

"Stay" means to keep the original text without translation. When translating classical Chinese, the names of people, places, officials, objects, dynasties, countries, emperors, and the system of rules and regulations, as well as proper names such as degrees, measurements, and weights and measures, are directly retained and do not need to be translated.

5. Deletion method.

Although classical Chinese is known for its conciseness, sometimes some words will be added in order to express the meaning, and the deletion method is to delete the redundant Chinese words. There are two common situations: one is in the use of partial compound words or synonymous words, and the morphemes of the foil in these words should be removed.

The second is that there are no real meaning in the first sentence or the auxiliary words in the sentence in some classical Chinese, which can also be deleted and not translated in the process of translation.

Retention, deletion, supplementation, replacement, adjustment, and change.

"Retention": It means to retain. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, objects, officials, countries, years, weights and measures, etc., can be retained in translation.

Delete", that is, delete. Delete the words that don't need to be translated.

"Supplement" is supplementation. (1) Change monosyllabic words into diphthongs, such as "leading his wife to this desperate situation" in "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring", and the word "wife" means "wife, children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the omitted sentence.

"Replace", that is, replace. Replace ancient words with modern ones.

"Tune" means to adjust. Adjust the ancient Chinese inverted sentence to the modern Chinese sentence structure.

"Change" means to be flexible. On the basis of faithfulness to the original text, the relevant text is translated alive.