The history of programming languages, find books that describe the history of programming languages

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The development of computer programming languages has gone through a process from machine language, assembly language to high-level language.

The first generation of machine languages.

Machine languages are made up of binary instructions, and different CPUs have different instruction systems. Machine language programs are difficult to write, modify, and maintain, requiring users to directly allocate storage space, and the programming efficiency is extremely low. This language has been phased out.

Second-generation assembly language.

Assembly language instructions are symbolic of machine instructions, and there is a direct correspondence with machine instructions, so assembly language also has the disadvantages of difficult to learn and use, easy to make mistakes, and difficult to maintain. But assembly language also has its own advantages: it has direct access to the system interface, and the machine language program into which the assembler is translated is efficient.

Third-generation high-level languages.

High-level languages are user-oriented languages that are largely independent of the kind and structure of a computer. Its greatest advantage is that it is close to arithmetic language and natural language in form, and conceptually close to the concepts that people usually use.

A single command in a high-level language can replace several, dozens, or even hundreds of instructions in assembly language.

Therefore, high-level languages are easy to learn and use, have strong versatility, and are widely used. There are many types of high-level languages, which can be further classified in terms of application characteristics and descriptions of objective systems.

There are two forms of general-purpose programming languages: assembly languages and high-level languages.

The essence of assembly language is the same as that of machine language, both of which are directly manipulated on hardware, except that the instructions use abbreviated identifiers, which are easier to identify and remember. It also requires the programmer to write out the specific operation of each step in the form of commands. An assembler usually consists of three parts:

Directives, pseudo-directives, and macros. Each sentence of instruction of the assembler can only correspond to a very subtle action in the actual operation process, such as moving, self-incrementing, so the assembly source program is generally more lengthy, complex, error-prone, and the use of assembly language programming requires more computer expertise, but the advantages of assembly language are also obvious, the operation that can be completed with assembly language is not the general high-level language can achieve, and the executable file generated by the source program through assembly is not only relatively small, but also executes quickly.

High-level languages are currently the choice of the vast majority of programmers. Compared with assembly language, it not only combines many related machine instructions into a single instruction, but also removes details related to specific operations but not related to completing the work, such as the use of stacks, registers, etc., thus greatly simplifying the instructions in the program. At the same time, because a lot of details are omitted, the programmer doesn't need to have much expertise.

High-level languages are mainly relative to assembly languages, which do not refer to a specific language, but include many programming languages, such as the popular VB, VC, FoxPro, Delphi, etc., and the syntax and command format of these languages are different.

Hello, in recent years, the programming languages include GO language, Swift language, PHP language.

Assembly language and high-level language.

The description of a programming language can generally be divided into syntax and semantics. Syntax is the description of which symbols or words are correctly combined in a programming language, while semantics is the explanation of programming. Some languages are defined in specification documents, such as the C specification document, which is also part of the ISO standard, and the post-2011 version is ISO IEC 9899:

2011, while other languages (like Perl) have a major programming language implementation file that is considered a reference implementation.