How to understand historiography as historiography 85

There are many ways to read historical materials, but it comes down to finding problems.

Novices are still recommended to read Mr. Chen Yinke's book, not only because he writes well, but more importantly, his book is a list of historical materials, let you read, and then he explains, you see what you think, what he thinks. It can be said that it will take you to read historical materials by hand. Mr. Chen's sketches and essays have a greater impact, but I recommend Yuan Bai's poetry manuscript.

The form of Yuan Bai is to annotate Yuan Bai Juyi's poems, which has the feeling of reading materials one by one, which is more in line with the state of reading, but on the whole there is a clear theme and is not scattered. For example, everyone has learned the song of long hatred in high school, and the Hall of Eternal Life on July 7, we feel very romantic when we read it. When he read it, he had questions:

What is Huaqing Pond for? It's a hot spring. When is the seventh day of July, summer.

Does the emperor soak in hot springs in the summer? The answer is no, the emperor usually only goes in winter. So this is a romanticized imagination of Bai Juyi.

His way of thinking is called asking questions. There are many ways to read materials, the most basic is as mentioned in the previous article, read the world by yourself, and then look at Mr. Yu Jiaxi's notes, you will know how to read, how to associate, and how to find materials.

When reading, you should also pay attention to the fact that historical materials are also written by people, not objective. Reading historical materials is not translating historical materials, but dissecting them for research. For example, Professor Xin Deyong, who has been very popular in recent years, made Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he did not agree with Mr. Tian Yuqing's statement about the transformation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in his later years, what is his core basis?

It is Tian who quoted a passage from Zizhi Tongjian, and Zizhi Tongjian uses the story of Han Wu, and the story of Han Wu is absurd and unbelievable. Tongjian has political intentions, not simply a record of history, and it must be discerned in detail. This is the method of traditional historiography, that is, to think about what the author referred to in writing this book, and the information is **in**.

Similarly, for example, history writing, which is very hot now, what is history writing? It's that we usually write biographies and epitaphs, and there is a template. I believe that everyone has the experience of writing personal evaluations and knows how to find templates on the Internet.

The same is true of historical records, there are a lot of beautified and routine things, similar to painting a Lushan in a painting, in fact, it is painted in accordance with the techniques of the predecessors to paint Lushan, not really running Lushan realistically. If you think that what he draws and writes is what you see with your own eyes, then you have gone into a misunderstanding. This is also a way to read historical sources.

"Knowing" is not the same as understanding; "Memory" is not the same as understanding; "Interpretation as it is" is not the same as understanding; "Applying as it is" is not the same as understanding. Because true "understanding" requires the following characteristics:

1) be able to explain, not just interpret as written, which includes: oral or written explanations; find corroboration or examples; Analogy; Defend the legitimacy and reasonableness of things.

2) Be able to summarize and summarize the characteristics and laws of things, and draw conclusions comprehensively.

3) Be able to articulate a knowledge network that is rich in concrete content and interconnected.

4) Be able to apply a concept, principle, conclusion, law, and theme idea to new things, events, and occasions, and generate new ideas and concepts.

5) The original knowledge network can be modified and expanded through the application. 1. Establish confidence in reading historical materials. For Grade 7 students, ancient Chinese history is relatively difficult to learn, because there are many difficult classical Chinese in historical materials, and Grade 7 students are just getting into and learning classical Chinese.

For example, the inscription of the Western Zhou Dynasty Ligui: "King Wu Zhengshang, only Jiazi Dynasty, Sui Ding, Ke Du Shu has Shang, Xin Wei, Wang Zai Shi, give you something to make money, used as Tan Gong Bao Zun Yi." This passage is often encountered during exercises and exams, which is difficult to understand, and teachers must help students understand difficult words and translate them when explaining, or guide students to understand them by looking up dictionaries and looking up information on the Internet.

If we can guide students to overcome a few more of these historical problems, we can build up students' confidence in reading historical materials.

Reading history books is a three-dimensional and multi-dimensional project, which cannot be read in isolation and in isolation. If you want to read the history of the Han Dynasty, you have to dabble in the history of the pre-Qin Dynasty; If you want to study the Three Kingdoms, the wealthy families of the Han Dynasty in front and the family of the Southern Dynasties in the back must know it well; To find out the matter of suppressing the military in the Song Dynasty, it is necessary to chase the five dynasties of the feudal towns, and then chase the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, and then trace the before and after the Anshi Rebellion, until the early Tang Dynasty used martial arts, the military exploits of the Sui Dynasty and even the six towns of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

I think that when reading, you should make corresponding marks, take good notes, collect relevant historical materials, read the preface, afterword and table of contents in advance, read more book reviews, and write your own feelings.

You should choose according to your own interests and what you want to know, so that you can make a targeted choice.

Historiography

A detailed explanation of science that takes human history as the object of study (1).The study of the study and compilation of the history of human society and various nations and countries. "Jin Shu Shi Leji Records":

Ren Bo and Cui Jun sacrificed wine for historiography. "History of the Song Dynasty: The Biography of Yang Yi": Zhenzong said that he was good at historiography.

Qing Gu Yanwu "Daily Knowledge: Historiography": Compared with the abolition of historiography, there are people who are in the travel manuscript train and the old chapters of the imperial court cannot be known. Fan Wenlan, "Introduction to the Compendium of China's General History" The task of Chinese historians in research is very arduous.

2).One of the subjects of the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty. See "Tang Hui Yao Gong Juzhong".

Word Decomposition Interpretation of History History ǐ The process of development of nature and human society, also refers to the writing and discipline that describes and studies these things: history. General history.

Dynastic History. Modern history. World History.

Literature. Epic. Department of History (a large section of the classification of ancient books, including all kinds of historical towns and historical works).

History. Historical Review. Prehistory (no written record of the interpretation of the study of science (learning) e imitation, delving into knowledge , acquiring knowledge, reading books:

Student. Apprentice. Learn.

Academic. Xueyou. Scholar.

Learn the valve. Academic. Degree.

Toddler Handan (ridicule people only know how to imitate, not good at learning but no achievement, also known as "Handan toddler"). Where knowledge is imparted: Schools (abbreviated as "learning").

1. According to the form of representation of the materials, historical materials are divided into documentary historical materials, physical historical materials and oral historical materials.

1. Historical documents: The earliest documentary materials are not historical books, but oracle bone inscriptions (the documentary value of oracle bone inscriptions is confused with the meaning of early texts).

2. Physical historical materials: physical historical materials refer to all kinds of relics, ruins, buildings, inscriptions, sculptures and paintings, etc., this kind of historical materials are the witness of history and the reliability of historical knowledge, which can not only reflect the history more truly, but also have an intuitive image. A large part of this was excavated by archaeology.

3. Oral and oral historical materials.

1) Oral historical materials (myths and legends in ancient times): have certain historical value before there are no written records;

2) Oral history is the material written or organized into text by people's oral recollection of the past.

2. According to the different value of the data, it is divided into first-hand historical materials (direct historical materials, raw materials) and second-hand historical materials (indirect historical materials).

First-hand historical materials refer to historical materials that are close to or directly produced at the time of historical occurrence and can be used as historical issues in perspective. Secondary historical materials refer to the research and interpretation of primary historical materials by later generations.

3. Classification of other historical materials.

1. Intentional and unintentional historical materials.

1) Historical books and written historical works, memoirs and public reports compiled by official organizations should be classified as "intentional historical materials";

2) Official documents, archives, military documents, personal letters, diaries, etc., which are all evidence that people at that time inadvertently left behind. It should be classified as "unintentional historical data".

2. "Official History" (official records) and "Wild History" (folk records).

1) Official history: It is generally believed that it refers to the historical books recorded by court historians;

2) Wild history: It is generally believed that it refers to the history books compiled by private people in ancient times, which is different from the official history books, and is relatively different from the "official history".

Because the history of writing more or less has the meaning of ancient and modern times, and every time it takes the means of an ethicist, it is the ability of an essayist. Modern historiography is only the study of historical materials, using all the tools provided to us by natural science to organize all the historical materials that can be encountered, so the scope of modern historiography has been from geology to newsprint, and Darwinism outside historiography is the culmination of historical methods.

Fu Sinian formally put forward the concept of "historiography is only the study of historical materials", which began in 1928 with the publication of "The Purpose of the Work of the Institute of History and Linguistics", which originally reads: "History and linguistics have only recently developed in Europe. Historiography is not writing history:

The history of the book has more or less the meaning of the ancient and modern times, and every time it takes the means of an ethicist, it is the ability of an essayist.

Modern historiography is only the study of historical materials, using all the tools provided to us by natural science to organize all the historical materials that can be encountered, so the scope of modern historiography has been from geology to newsprint, and Darwinism outside historiography is the culmination of historical methods. ”

In this expression, Fu Sinian has also used "is", "this is", "that is", "that is", etc., and the meaning is much the same. It is worth noting that the historiography that Fu Sinian believes is "just historiography" is not in general terms, but refers to modern historiography. This kind of modern historiography is different from classical historiography, and to be precise, it is the historiography after the division of disciplines.

Although this kind of historiography is modeled on Europe in modern times, it has already appeared in Chinese history. China has a long history, and historiography was developed earlier. Therefore, the so-called "modern historiography is only the study of historical materials" is by no means a pretense, but a condensation of Fu Sinian's understanding and grasp of the historical changes in Chinese and Western historiography.