Urgent! How is the concept of technical barriers defined in technology management?

Technical barriers refer to the scientific and technological barriers, that is, the national or regional standards within the scope of science and technology formulated by the country, such as product specifications, quality, technical indicators, etc., can not be imported if they do not meet certain technical standards, such as automobile exhaust emissions do not meet certain standards, they are not allowed to be imported, that is, to prevent the import of low-tech products (the technical regulations and standards of the World Organization "Technical Barrier Agreement" have this meaning); Or products that meet certain technical standards cannot be exported, such as computers with a computing speed of hundreds of millions of times per second are not allowed to be exported, that is, the export of high-tech products is restricted (the United States and other developed countries do this), thus forming a barrier to import and export in terms of technology.

Therefore, it can be said that technical barriers are formed by the use of scientific and technological means, including differential technical barriers and innovative technical barriers, the former is designed by racking their brains by using technical differences; The latter is due to the innovation in science and technology, which makes it in a clear leading position in a certain field of technology, has independent intellectual property rights, and obtains a monopoly competitive advantage. Technical barriers are a strategic means to maximize market share and profit maximization in a certain civilized way, and to obtain overall advantages in international competition. In this sense, technical barriers have their reasonable components, which are not easy to oppose, but should be faced and climbed.

Technology exclusivity: Technological exclusivity refers to the ability of innovators to protect their innovations. The exclusivity of an innovation is determined by the nature of the technology and the degree of protection of the intellectual property system in the region in which the technology flows.

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The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers divides technical barriers into technical regulations, technical standards and conformity assessment procedures.

Technical barriers. The conformity assessment procedure refers to the comprehensive supervision, review and inspection of production, products, quality, safety, environment and other links and the entire guarantee system in accordance with the provisions of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and in accordance with technical rules and standards. to demonstrate that a product or service is in compliance with the specified standards and technical specifications. The conformity assessment process includes two aspects: product certification and system certification

Product certification refers to the confirmation of whether the product meets the requirements of technical regulations or standards; System certification refers to confirming whether the production or management system complies with the corresponding regulations. The most popular international system certifications are ISO9000 quality management system certification and ISO14000 environmental management system certification.