Common uses of organic matter in high school, important use of organic chemistry in high school

Organic chemistry is a science that studies the composition and composition, synthesis and characterization, structure and properties, reaction and transformation, as well as function and mechanism of organic substances, and is one of the important disciplines for creating new substances. The new theories, new reactions and new methods of organic chemistry not only promote the development of chemistry, but also promote the intersection and penetration of this discipline with life, materials, energy, information, agriculture and environment and other related fields, and further expand the research field of organic chemistry.

Organic Chemistry. The uses of learning in life are very wide, and I can't list them all, so let's just say a small part:

1. Human clothing, food, housing and transportation are inseparable from organic matter

Natural organic substances: such as sugars, oils, proteins, oil, natural gas, natural rubber.

Wait. Synthetic organic compounds: plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, synthetic drugs, etc.

2. The synthesis and use of organic compounds with special functions have changed people's living habits and improved the quality of human life.

3. Organic matter plays an important role in the process of maintaining life activities.

Many substances in living organisms are organic matter, such as sugars, fats, and amino acids present in cells.

Proteins and nucleic acids, for example, are organic substances.

4. Most of the drugs are organic compounds, which play an important role in helping people overcome diseases and prolong their lives.

1.Organic solvents that are poorly soluble in water and have a lower density than water are.

1) Hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, gasoline, kerosene and other liquid hydrocarbons.

2) Esters: such as ethyl acetate, oils, etc.

2.Organic solvents that are insoluble in water and denser than water are.

1) Chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and chloroform.

2) Nitrobenzene, bromobenzene, etc.

Other organic solvents that are easily soluble in water, miscible with water or aqueous solutions, do not stratify, and do not need to memorize their density size.

Organic matter is divided into: proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, and lipids.

Protein is the main bearer of life activities and has more functions. It is divided into structural proteins and functional proteins: it has the functions of catalysis, immunity, and information transmission.

The function of nucleic acids: to carry genetic information.

The function of sugars: energy substances.

Functions of lipids: energy storage substances (fats), constituent cell structures (cholesterol), promoting gonadal development (sex hormones), promoting the absorption of calcium ions in the small intestine (vitamin D), components that make up cell membranes (phospholipids).

I have the basics, and I don't think it's good. You can refer to the compulsory course 1 "Molecules and Cells" in the Renjiao Edition

(1) Comparison of the constituent elements of organic matter.

Carbohydrates, fats, sterols: c, h, o.

Proteins: mainly C, H, O, N.

Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP: C, H, O, N, P.

2) Comparison of peptides and proteins.

Peptides ≠ proteins, and it is the polypeptides that are synthesized on the ribosome, not the proteins. Peptides must be processed and packaged to form biologically active proteins with certain spatial structures and specific functions.

3) Comparison of nucleic acid species in different organisms.

Cellular organisms: containing DNA and RNA, 8 nucleotides, 5 bases.

Virus: contains DNA or RNA, 4 nucleotides, 4 bases.

4) Oxidative decomposition of fats and sugars of the same mass.

Result: Fat consumes more oxygen, produces more water, and releases more energy.

High school chemistry common substance use knowledge test center.

Bleach disinfectant.

Sterilization and disinfection Preparation of hydrochloric acid, bleach, chloroform and other organic solvents and a variety of pesticides: shielding gas for welding metals Filling bulbs Preserving food crops Refrigerants:

Guidance wire and cable Food and beverage packaging Make a variety of alloys Make mechanical parts, doors and windows, etc.: Make Na2O2 and other smelting metals such as Ti Electric light source Na and K alloys are used as thermal conductors for atomic reactors.

Smelting aluminium to make refractories.

Chemical raw materials, condiments, pickled foods.

Fire extinguishing agent, artificial rainfall, greenhouse fertilizer.

Photosensitive materials for artificial rainfall.

2. High school chemistry common substance use knowledge test points.

Bleach sterilization and disinfection.

Bleach, disinfectants, dechlorinators Rocket fuel.

Make various models Plaster bandage Adjust the rate of cement hardening: make quartz glass, quartz clocks and optical fibers.

The main raw materials for the production of nitric acid and ammonium salts are used in organic synthesis of refrigerants 6Ethyl acetate:

Organic solvents for the preparation of spices for beverages and confectionery7Ethylene: Plastics, synthetic fibers, organic solvents, etc. Plant growth regulators (fruit ripening) 8

Glycerin: An important chemical ingredient for skin care.

Excessive stomach acid baking powder.

High school chemistry common substance use knowledge test center.

In order to better and more comprehensively prepare for the study and revision of high school chemistry, ensure that the test points involved are fully reviewed in place. The following is a compilation of high school chemistry common substance use knowledge test points, I hope it can be helpful to you.

High school chemistry common substance use knowledge test center.

Bleach disinfectant.

Sterilization and disinfection Preparation of hydrochloric acid, bleach, chloroform and other organic solvents and a variety of pesticides: shielding gas for welding metals Filling bulbs Preserving food crops Refrigerants:

Guidance wire and cable Food and beverage packaging Make a variety of alloys Make mechanical parts, doors and windows, etc.: Make Na2O2 and other smelting metals such as Ti Electric light source Na and K alloys are used as thermal conductors for atomic reactors.

Smelting aluminium to make refractories.

Chemical raw materials, condiments, pickled foods.

Fire extinguishing agent, artificial rainfall, greenhouse fertilizer.

Photosensitive materials for artificial rainfall.

High school chemistry common substance use knowledge test center.

Bleach sterilization and disinfection.

Bleach, disinfectants, dechlorinators Rocket fuel.

Make various models Plaster bandage Adjust the rate of cement hardening: make quartz glass, quartz clocks and optical fibers.

The main raw materials for the production of nitric acid and ammonium salts are used in organic synthesis of refrigerants 6Ethyl acetate: Organic solvent for the preparation of spices for beverages and confectionery7Ethylene: Plastics, synthetic fibers, organic solvents, etc. Plant growth regulator (fruit ripening).

8.Glycerin: An important chemical ingredient for skin care.

Excessive stomach acid baking powder.

Two.

Ten. 5. Functional groups of organic matter:

1 Carbon Carbon Double Bond:

2 Carbon Carbon Triple Bond:

3 Halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) atoms: —x

4 (alcohol, phenol) hydroxyl group: —OH

5 Aldehyde group: —cho

6 Carboxyl: — Cooh

7 Ester groups:

Two. Ten. 6. The general formula and main chemical properties of various organic substances.

Alkane CNH2N+2

Only C—C keys are included.

Substitution reaction and thermal decomposition with halogens.

It does not react with potassium permanganate, bromine water, strong acids and alkalis.

Olefin CNH2N

Contains c==c key.

Addition reaction with halogens, oxidation reaction, polymerization reaction, and polyaddition reaction with potassium permanganate.

Alkyne CNH2N-2

Contains c==c key.

It has an addition reaction with halogens, oxidation reactions, and polymerization reactions with potassium permanganate.

Benzene (aromatic hydrocarbon) CNH2N-6 undergoes substitution reaction with halogens and additions with hydrogen.

Homologues of benzene such as toluene and ethylbenzene can oxidize with potassium permanganate) halogenated hydrocarbons: CNH2N+1X

Alcohol: CNH2N+1OH or CNH2N+2O

Phenol: Purple color when FeCl3 solution is encountered.

Aldehyde: CNH2NO

Carboxylic acid: CNH2NO2

Ester: CNH2NO2

Two. Ten. 7. Types of organic reactions:

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which some atoms or clusters of atoms in an organic molecule are replaced by other atoms or clusters.

Addition reaction: A reaction in which an unsaturated carbon atom in an organic molecule directly binds to other atoms or clusters of atoms.

Polymerization: A reaction in which monomers are added to each other by unsaturated bonds to form polymer compounds.

Polyaddition reaction: a reaction in which one or more monomers are added to each other by unsaturated bonds to form polymer compounds.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which a small molecule (e.g., water hydrogen halide) is removed from one molecule to form an unsaturated compound.

Oxidation reaction: the reaction of oxygen or dehydrogenation of organic matter.

Reduction reaction: The reaction of hydrogenation or deoxygenation of organic matter.

Esterification: A reaction in which alcohols and acids work to form esters and water.

Hydrolysis reaction: A reaction in which a compound and water react to produce two or more substances (including halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, sugars, etc.).

Two. Ten. 8. General type of organic matter combustion.

Hydrocarbon: CXHY (X

o2®xco2＋

Oxygenated derivatives of H2O hydrocarbons:

cxhyoz＋(x＋

o2xco2＋h2o

Among organic substances, the categories of organic compounds insoluble in water are: hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, including oils and fats, among them, the density of hydrocarbons and esters is smaller than that of water, and the density of halogenated hydrocarbons is more complex, common soluble organic matter categories, low-grade alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, phenols ,,, the properties of organic compounds, mainly grasping the characteristics of functional groups, such as, the properties of alcoholic hydroxyl groups in alcohols

1.It can react with sodium metal to produce hydrogen, 2The elimination reaction can occur, note that there must be a hydrogen atom on the hydroxyl ortho-carbon atom, 3It can be oxidized catalyzed by oxygen. There must be a hydrogen atom on the carbon atom with a hydroxyl group attached to it.

4.Esterification reaction with carboxylic acids, 5It can undergo substitution reaction with hydrohalogen acids, 7Substitution reactions can occur between alcohol molecules to form ethers...

Carbon-carbon double bond, carbon-carbon triple bond.

Halogenated hydrocarbon alcohols, aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives or amines.

The end of the word is to say the name of the functional group after the heavenly stem or number, and the rest of the functional groups also need to be represented.

When there are both alkyne and alkene, end with alkene, as above, this kind of compound is called alkyne, and when there is no alkyne, it is a halogenated hydrocarbon.

Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives or amines.

this order. In the reverse row, there are carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives or amines, with carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives or amines as the main functional groups.

The rest are substituents.

When there is an alkyne, it is called an alene acid, an alkene ester, an alkyne amine, an alkyne acid, and so on.

1. Physical properties of all ethanol.

Ethanol is a colorless, mellow liquid with a small density than water, volatile, can dissolve a variety of organic and inorganic substances, and can be miscible with water in any ratio. Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol, and alcoholic beverages contain a certain amount of ethanol.

The molecular formula of ethanol is C2H6O, and the simple formula of structure is CH3CH2OH. — OH is the functional group of ethanol. Starting from the structure of ethanol, the chemical properties of ethanol are deduced.

It is necessary to grasp the characteristics of the functional group hydroxyl group (—OH), and pay attention to the influence of ethyl on the hydroxyl group, such as the influence of ethyl on the hydroxyl group, so that the reaction between ethanol and sodium metal is not as violent as that of water and sodium metal; Ethanol can be catalytically oxidized because the hydrogen atom on the hydroxyl group is removed from the hydrogen atom on the carbon atom where it is located, and the oxygen of the synthetic oxidant is combined to form water, and the carbon atom and the oxygen atom form a covalent bond to form a carbonyl group ().