Marine mineral resources survey, what are the marine mineral resources

Marine mineral resources, also known as seabed mineral resources, include various types of mineral resources in coastal areas, shallow seas, deep seas, ocean basins and the bottom of mid-ocean ridges. According to the genesis and occurrence status of the deposit, it is divided into:

1) Placer ore, mainly from onshore rock and mineral detritus, through the transport and separation of rivers, seawater (including currents and tides), glaciers and winds, and finally deposited and enriched in the most suitable area of the coastal or shelf area. Such as placer gold, placer platinum, diamond, placer tin and placer, and ilmenite and zircon, rutile and monazite and other symbiotic composite placers;

2) Seabed autogenous minerals, natural minerals generated in the ocean by chemical, biological and hydrothermal processes, can be formed directly or after enrichment. Such as apatite, glauconite, barite, seabed manganese nodules and seabed polymetallic hydrothermal deposits (mainly zinc and copper);

3) Most of the minerals in the seabed consolidated rocks belong to the extension of onshore deposits to the sea, such as seabed oil and gas resources, sulfur ore and coal. Among the marine mineral resources, seabed oil and gas resources, seabed manganese nodules and coastal composite placers are of greatest economic significance.

The total reserves of manganese nodules on the seabed of the world's oceans reach 3,000 billion tons, and 1,700 billion tons in the Pacific Ocean alone, including 400 billion tons of manganese, 16.4 billion tons of nickel, 8.8 billion tons of copper, and 5.8 billion tons of cobalt. It is mainly found in the Pacific Ocean, followed by the Atlantic and Indian oceans at depths of more than 3,000 meters. The central Pacific Ocean is most abundant in the sea area of 6°30 20°N and 110°180°W longitude.

It is estimated that about 6 million square kilometres of high-grade manganese nodules are enriched in the area, sometimes with coverage of more than 90 percent.

96% of the world's zircon and 90% of rutile are produced in coastal placer mines. Composite placers are mostly found along the coasts of Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil and the United States. Diamond placers are mainly found in southern Africa, along the coasts of Namibia, South Africa and Angola; Placer tin ore is mainly distributed in the coastal waters of Myanmar through Thailand and Malaysia to Indonesia.

China's coastal waters with a depth of less than 200 meters have a continental shelf area of more than 1 million square kilometers, and there are 7 sedimentary basins with oil and gas prospects: the Bohai Sea, the South Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, Taiwan, the Pearl River Estuary, the Yinggehai and the Beibu Gulf Basin, with a total area of about 700,000 square kilometers, and successively obtain industrial oil flows in the Bohai Sea, Beibu Gulf, Yinggehai and Pearl River Estuary. There are abundant coastal placer mines along the Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Guangdong and Taiwan, mainly gold, ilmenite, magnetite, zircon, monazite and rutile and other Shanghai Noah Testing and Certification Group.

Mineral resources in the ocean are a general term for various types of mineral resources at the bottom of coastal areas, shallow seas, deep seas, oceanic basins and mid-ocean ridges. According to the genesis and occurrence of the deposit, it is divided into placer ore, seabed authonymous minerals and minerals in seabed consolidated rock.

1) Placer ore, mainly from onshore rock and mineral detritus, through the transport and separation of rivers, seawater (including currents and tides), glaciers and winds, and finally deposited and enriched in the most suitable area of the coastal or shelf area. Such as placer gold, placer platinum, diamond brother, placer tin and placer, and ilmenite and zircon, rutile and monazite and other symbiotic composite placers.

2. Seabed autogenous minerals: natural minerals generated in the ocean by chemical, biological and hydrothermal reactions of dust seepage, which can be formed directly or after enrichment. Such as apatite, glauconite, barite, seabed manganese nodules and seabed polymetallic hydrothermal deposits (mainly zinc and copper);

3) Most of the minerals in the seabed consolidated rocks belong to the extension of onshore deposits to the sea, such as seabed oil and gas resources, sulfur ore and coal. Among the marine mineral resources, seabed oil and gas resources, seabed manganese nodules and coastal composite placers are of greatest economic significance.