Problems in China s trade in goods, problems in China s foreign trade and countermeasures

1. Facing multiple internal and external pressures:

In 2013, the internal and external environment facing the development of China's foreign trade may be slightly better than in 2012, but the superposition of international and domestic risk factors will still cause greater pressure on the development of China's foreign trade, mainly in the following aspects, first, the contradiction of insufficient foreign demand has not been fundamentally alleviated. In the case of weak world economic recovery and high risks, the problem of insufficient orders from China's export enterprises is still prominent, especially the situation of short orders, small orders, long orders, and large orders.

Second, the impact of friction continues to increase, and China is the biggest victim of protectionism; Third, the task of changing the mode of foreign trade development is more urgent. China's factor costs have risen rapidly, which has weakened the cost competitiveness of the manufacturing industry to a certain extent. With the profound changes in the domestic and foreign environment, China's foreign trade has been difficult to achieve the rapid growth of nuclear liquid in previous years.

2. The improvement of external demand is not obvious

The world economy has entered a period of deep transformation and adjustment, the low-speed growth trend will continue, the foundation for the economic rebound is not solid, the positive effect on China's foreign trade is limited, and the improvement of external demand is not expected to be obvious.

With the gradual release of a series of policies to stabilize the growth of the country and bury the search to promote foreign trade and the successive introduction of follow-up supporting policies, it is expected that China's export growth will pick up in 2013, but it is difficult to improve significantly, and it will still be much lower than the average growth rate of the past 10 years, and the growth rate of imports will increase.

In the first half of 2013, it is difficult to significantly improve the situation of foreign demand, and foreign trade will basically continue the low-speed growth trend in 2012. In the meantime, due to factors such as the fiscal cliff problem in the United States and China's Spring Festival, the growth of foreign trade will fluctuate temporarily. In 2013.

In the third and fourth quarters, if the global uncertainties become clear, the growth rate of China's foreign trade is expected to continue to increase.

3. Limited upside of exports

International experience shows that the high growth of China's exports may have reached the "ceiling" (a country's exports account for no more than 3% of global GDP, and a country's exports account for no more than 10% of the world's exports). This means that the first period of the traditional model of China's rapid export growth has passed, and the export growth rate in the medium and long term has limited room for growth, and will stabilize at a low level.

Looking ahead to 2013, the process of deleveraging the private and public sectors in developed countries such as the United States and Europe will inevitably be accompanied by the correction of their deficits. Correspondingly, the surpluses of China and other newly industrialized countries** will be reduced. China's export competitiveness is in a steady decline channel, the general deficit dominated by bulk commodity imports will continue to expand, the overall surplus will show a narrowing trend, and the proportion of surplus in GDP will further decline.

In 2013, the international environment forced China to expand domestic demand, improve innovation capabilities, and promote the transformation of foreign trade development mode. It is necessary to change from a labor-intensive industrial structure to a capital- and technology-intensive industrial structure, and expand the degree of export-oriented high-tech industries.

Cultivate brand, marketing network and R&D design, and transform from "Made in China" to "Created in China". It is necessary to continue to stabilize and expand the share of China's exports in the international market, give play to the supporting role of imports in structural adjustment, and promote the balance of payments.

Problems: 1. Facing multiple internal and external pressures; 2. The improvement of external demand is not obvious3. Limited upside of exportsMeasures: Cultivating brands, marketing networks and R&D design, made in China.

Shift to "Created in China". It is necessary to continue to stabilize and expand China's exit in the international market.

and give full play to the supporting role of imports in structural adjustment and promote the balance of payments.

Extended Information: China Abroad**:

The People's Republic of China was founded.

Later, he insisted on independence and self-reliance, and gradually carried out foreign economic exchanges, but was affected by the international political environment and the domestic planned economic system at that time.

and other factors, the development of external ** is relatively slow. In 1978, China entered a new era of reform and opening up. Vigorously developing foreign countries has become an important way for China to speed up modernization, change its backward appearance, promote economic development, and enhance its comprehensive national strength.

The total volume of goods ranks among the top in the world. In 1978, China's total import and export of goods was only 20.6 billion US dollars, ranking 32nd in the world's goods**, accounting for less than 1%. In 2010, China's total import and export of goods reached 2,974 billion US dollars, an increase of 143 times over 1978, with an average annual growth.

For two consecutive years, it has become the world's largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. The structure of the cargo ** has changed radically.

2. In the 80 s of the 20 th century, the structure of China's export commodities realized the transformation from primary products to industrial manufactured products, and by the 90 s, it realized the transformation from textile products to mechanical and electrical products. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign trade operators also include foreign-invested enterprises.

private enterprises, etc., the total import and export value of the latter two has now surpassed that of state-owned enterprises. From the 80s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century, China's processing industry has flourished and become half of the country's foreign trade. Form an all-round and diversified import and export market pattern.

After the reform and opening up, China has developed its foreign affairs in an all-round way and has established first-class relations with most countries and regions in the world. **The partnership has grown from dozens of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions at present. European Union, United States, ASEAN, Japan, BRICS.

and so on to become China's main partners. Since the beginning of the new century, China has been working with emerging markets and developing countries.

The ** continues to grow rapidly. Serve**.

The international competitiveness of the country is constantly increasing.

3. Join the world's leading organizations.

Later, China's service has entered a new stage of development, with rapid expansion of scale, gradual optimization of structure, and ranking among the top in the world. Services in the fields of tourism and transportation have grown steadily, while cross-border services in the fields of construction, communications, insurance, finance, computer and information services, exclusive rights royalties and royalties, and consulting have grown rapidly. Together with domestic investment and consumption, foreign investment and consumption have become the three major engines of China's economic growth.

Reform and improvement of the foreign trade system.

1. High ** dependence.

Foreign trade dependence is the degree to which a country's economy is dependent on foreign countries. Its quantitative performance is the ratio of a country's total imports and exports** to its gross domestic product. The degree of foreign trade dependence not only indicates the degree to which a country's economy is dependent on foreign affairs, but also reflects the level of economic development of a country and the degree of participation in the international economy to a certain extent.

2. Deteriorating conditions.

China's first conditions have been deteriorating, using the impulse response function and variance decomposition method to carry out an empirical analysis of the influencing factors, found that the real exchange rate, the import of Chuxiangye products, the export of manufactured products and the first balance of payments in the long term have deteriorated to varying degrees in China's first article.

3. The competitiveness of manufactured products is not strong.

The strength of the export competitiveness of manufactured products determines the competitiveness of a country to a certain extent. Throughout all the developed countries in the world, without exception, they regard the development of a strong lead manufacturing industry as the foundation of building a strong country.

If you are talking about domestic trade, then the main problems are integrity, quality control and logistics.

In the case of export and export, it is mainly the risk of foreign exchange collection caused by cost control, quality management, and sudden changes in the international market.

In terms of imports, it is mainly the brand maintenance and channel management after the import of goods plus the first point (domestic trade).

In 1979, after the state proposed to shift the focus of work to economic construction, a series of principles and policies for reform, opening up and invigorating the economy were implemented, which created unprecedented favorable conditions for the development of non-metallic mining; The non-metallic mining industry has formed a considerable scale, and the overall output and export volume have shown a rapid growth trend for a long time; A variety of non-metallic mineral products occupy a large share in the international market and have an important impact on the international market.

Although China's non-metallic mineral industry has made great progress, it is still in the initial stage of development, and its basic characteristics are that there are too many enterprises, small scale, and are still in a resource-intensive and extensive operation state. More than 90% of non-metallic mineral enterprises are small-scale enterprises, such as kaolin processing plants, with a production capacity of less than 1 104 t a, and the production capacity of the largest state-owned enterprises is only about 20 104 t a; Larger foreign non-metallic mining enterprises are generally above 100 104t a. A small number of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China are basically resource development enterprises, and have not yet formed a large-scale and intensive production mode. Enterprises or enterprise groups that can meet the requirements of modern market economic and social development and have an important impact on the national economy and foreign exchange earnings have not yet been formed, and a single enterprise has not been able to occupy a large market share in the world.

The structure of the non-metallic mineral industry is unreasonable, the layout is scattered, the number of enterprises is too large, and the degree of intensification is still an important problem.

China's non-metallic mineral export products are still dominated by raw ore and primary processing products, and the proportion of deep-processed products with high technical content is small (about 30%), which is difficult to meet the development requirements of domestic high-tech and new material industries. In the international market, due to the low technical content of the product and the variety list.

First, the low grade is mainly based on low-price competition. Many non-metallic mineral products, especially high-tech non-metallic mineral products related to the development of modern technology and new materials, are still dependent on imports. Due to the difference in the processing of some non-metallic mineral products of the same mineral, the difference between import and export prices is as high as several times or even dozens of times.

In 2006, the import and export price difference of several non-metallic mineral products in China is shown in Table 1-2-1.

Table 1-2-1 Import and Export Price Differences of Several Non-metallic Mineral Products in China in 2006.

It can be seen from Table 1-2-1 that the import price of flake graphite products is twice the export price, indicating that the export is only low-grade graphite products, and the import is high-grade graphite products or deep-processed products. Although China is currently the world's largest graphite production and export country, graphite deep-processing products or high-end products can not meet the needs of the domestic market. The average import of silica sand is twice that of exports, and the import volume is up to; The average import** of quartz is a double of the export**, with an import volume of 5536 t.

These show that domestic medium and high-grade quartz glass raw materials and electronic grade spherical silicon powder are basically dependent on imports, and this field is highly dependent on imports.