The difference between the construction of functionalism and functionalism

The two schools of thought have many different characteristics. The constructivists regard the human psyche as an independent world of experience that can be insulated from the outside world. The functionalists seek to see the human psyche as a tool for biological adaptation, and because of their different understandings of the psyche, they are not the only ones in the study of the content (functionally different—structure is the element; Function is to emphasize the functional role of the mind), scope (function is larger than the scope of construction), method and direction of development (structure and application are purely introspective; Functional use of psychometric tests) showed a series of disagreements. As far as the philosophical basis is concerned, the philosophical basis of these two schools is, in the final analysis, subjective idealism.

As far as psychology as a whole is concerned, some studies of sensation by the constructists, and some studies by the functionalists on individual differences and the psychology of learning, have found some facts, and the work of the two schools has elements that complement each other.

Functionalism emphasizes that consciousness is circulating, a continuous and continuous process, and believes that consciousness is not a collection of individual mental elements; Constructivism emphasizes that human mental activity is composed of three basic elements: feelings, feelings, and images. Functionalism emphasizes the role and function of consciousness; Constructivism emphasizes the structure of consciousness.

1. Functionalism studies the function of the mind, and constructivism studies the structure of the mind.

2. Constructivism believes that the research object of psychology is conscious experience, that is, the constituent elements of mental experience and the ways and laws of combination, and advocates that psychology should use experimental introspection to study the content or structure of conscious experience, and find out the components of consciousness and how they are combined into the laws of various complex mental processes. They emphasize that psychology is a pure science, and its basic task is to understand the general psychological laws of normal people, but they do not attach importance to the application of psychology. This school of thought is the school of thought that uses experimental methods to independently study psychological problems.

3. Functionalism advocates that the purpose of psychology is not to decompose the mind into some elements, but to study the functional role of psychology in adapting to the environment. Dewey's research laid the theoretical foundation for the formation of this school. He used the example of a baby holding a candle flame and withdrawing his hand because of the burning sensation commonly used by psychologists to illustrate that the behavioral action contained in a reflex response should be interpreted according to the meaning of its adaptation to the environment, and it should not be reduced to a sensorimotor element or an artificial conception.

This kind of abstract conception can only exist in the mind of a psychologist and has little practical significance for psychological research. In terms of research scope and research topics, functionalist psychology is much broader than constructivist psychology.

In October 2007, he took the self-examination "History of Psychology" in Beijing, and the second short-answer question was asked.

What are the similarities and differences between constructivism and functionalism?

A:The constructivists view the human psyche as an independent and self-sufficient empirical world that can be insulated from the outside world; The functionalism seeks to see the human psyche as a tool for biological adaptation. Due to the different understandings of psychology between the two schools, they show a series of differences in the scope of research content, methods and development directions.

However, in terms of philosophical foundations, the Constructivist interpretation of psychology is an expression of the empirical criticism of Mach and Avenarius; The functionalist understanding of the psyche is an application of pragmatism advocated by James and Dewey. Therefore, the philosophical basis of these two schools is, in the final analysis, subjective idealism. As far as psychology as a whole is concerned, some of the research of the constructivists on sensation and some research on individual differences and the psychology of learning have found some facts, and the work of the two schools is complementary.

Functionalism is a method of studying psychology rather than a specific theory, and functionalist psychologists believe that the process of mental activity should be understood in terms of a specific purpose or function. Before the advent of functionalism, the vast majority of research was based on observation and description. Then in the vast majority of psychologists are not enough to make psychology a real science.

Began to study the process of functionalism and how the purpose is to help the individual to play its role.

Its origins are the process of identifying and describing mental activity through introspection and understanding how psychology works. For centuries, philosophers have debated the relationship between the mind and the body, and the debate has focused on the question of whether the mind and the body are two separate entities.

Or is the mind part of the body? The mind is not a material entity, and the mind and body should be separate. Because the mind it can't affect the body, and the body can't affect the mind.

Actually, I think there is a conflict between these views.

Because sometimes when people are in a bad mood, they will cause harm to the body, and the body will affect the psychology. In other words, when the body is hurt, there will also be a psychological shadow, so I think they should affect each other. Otherwise, how can they survive each other.

Everything is in a relationship of mutual restraint, and if you are in the middle of your existence, then there must be something that is in conflict with you.

Based on his pragmatic philosophical view that knowledge and theory should be applied, pragmatism is one of his most famous philosophical achievements, James argues that a theory is valuable only if it has a specific purpose. James had previously applied his standards of pragmatism to his psychological theories.

His psychological theories focus on the purposefulness of different mental processes, rather than describing them.

James believes that everyone has their own needs and that the environment can provide certain conditions. The role of psychology is to regulate the needs of the individual and the conditions provided by the environment.

These regular commuters to and from Tokyo, Japan, repeat the same journey day by day. James believes that this habit requires only a very limited mental commitment, and that more investment can be concentrated on new tasks or ideas.

James believes that experiments are useful in understanding human psychology and behavior. He also believed that studying animals, children, humans in different cultural environments, and even people with psychological problems would contribute to the development of scientific psychology.

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The exponent of functionalist psychology is the American psychologist James Rowland Angell, a professor and president at the University of Chicago. He emphasized the study of the function and purpose of mental processes, rather than focusing only on their structure and components. He also introduced the concept of "behavior", which means that we can study mental processes by observing behavior.

A representative of functionalist psychology.

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The exponent of functionalist psychology is the American psychologist James Rowland Angell, a professor and president at the University of Chicago. He emphasized the study of the function and purpose of mental processes, rather than focusing only on their structure and components. He also introduced the concept of "behavior", which means that we can study mental processes by observing behavioral cracks.

In addition to James Rolland Ingres, there are other important exponents of functionalist psychology, such as John Divi and Harvey Karaman. Divi developed the concept of "motivation" and "purpose", arguing that behavior is driven by intrinsic motivation and purpose. Karaman, on the other hand, emphasized the influence of the environment on behavior, and proposed the concept of "situational factors", that is, environmental factors affect the behavior and psychological processes of Liang Chong and the individual.

The contributions of these scholars contributed to the development of functionalist psychology, making it an important school in the field of psychology.

Functionalist psychology is a school of psychology that focuses on human behavior and thinking, and it believes that human behavior and thinking occur in order to achieve a specific purpose or goal. In functionalist psychology, behavior and thinking are seen as a reactive or stinging-tremor-response pattern that emphasizes the external environment and its influence on individual behavior.

One of the most famous exponents is the American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Skinner was one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century, and he made great contributions to the field of behaviorist psychology. He proposed the theory of operant conditioning, which argues that human behavior can be shaped and controlled by establishing positive sail hidden feedback and negative feedback mechanisms.

He also proposed the theory of "cortical reinforcement", in which behavior changes as a result of their consequences, and emphasized the important influence of the environment on human behavior and thinking.

Skinner also conducted numerous experiments on animal behavior, proving his theories by training animals to adopt certain behaviors. Skinner's work has had a profound impact on modern psychology, especially in the areas of education,** and behavior change.