What terrain is made up of on the surface of the moon

The surface of the moon has dark parts and bright areas, the bright areas are highlands, and the dark areas are low-lying areas such as plains or basins, which are called lunar lands and moon-seas, respectively. When early astronomers looked at the Moon, they thought that the dark areas were covered with seawater, so they called them "seas". The famous ones are the sea of clouds, the wet sea, the still sea, etc.

The bright part is the mountains, which are dotted with craters, known as moon craters, which are low-lying shapes that are raised in circles. There are more than 33,000 craters on the Moon with diameters greater than 1,000 metres. Located near Antarctica, the Bailey crater is 295 kilometers in diameter and can fit the entire island of Hainan.

The deepest mountain is Newton's crater, which is 8,788 meters deep. In addition to craters, there are also ordinary mountains on the lunar surface. Mountains and deep valleys are stacked on top of each other, creating a unique scenery.

The structure of the far side of the moon is quite different from the front side. The Moon Sea occupies less area, whereas the crater is more. The terrain is uneven, undulating, and the longest and shortest lunar radii are located on the far side, with some places 4 km longer than the average lunar radius and others 5 km shorter (such as the Van der Graaf Depression).

No "mass tumor" was found on the back. The back of the moon crust is thicker than the front one, up to 150 kilometers at its thickest point, while the front moon crust is only about 60 kilometers thick.

The surface morphology of the Moon is mainly formed by factors such as meteorite impacts, volcanic activity, magma flow, and the gravitational action of celestial bodies.

1. Meteorite impact.

The surface of the moon is full of impact craters. Since the Moon does not have an atmosphere, its surface is unobstructed and is easily impacted by external objects. After the impact, a huge crater is formed, and there will be radial ravines, ridges and other terrain around it.

2. Volcanic activity.

There are many volcanoes on the moon, and the magma and ash they spew out cover parts of the area, forming landforms such as plains and ridges. Volcanism is magmatic activity associated with volcanic eruptions. It includes activities such as magma rushing out of the earth's surface, producing **, flowing out of lava, ejecting gases, dissipating heat, separating gases, moisture, and erupting tomono detrital materials.

3. Magma flow.

Magma is a molten substance that is produced deep in the upper mantle and crust and contains volatile components, and the main component is silicates. There is also an explanation that magma refers to rocks that are molten or partially molten underground. There are also many feldspar flows on the surface of the moon, which are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma after flowing out of the crater.

These feldspar flow scatters are one of the largest topographic features on the Moon.

4. The gravitational effect of celestial bodies.

The topography on the Moon is also affected by the gravitational forces of celestial bodies. For example, the cracks, mountains, and canyons on the surface of the Moon are all formed due to the gravitational pull of the Moon by the Earth and the Sun. In general, the topography of the lunar surface is formed by a combination of factors.

Structural features of the Moon:

The moon itself does not emit light, only reflects sunlight. The brightness of the Moon varies with the angular distance between the Sun and the Moon and the distance between the Earth and the Moon, and the brightness of the Full Moon is more than ten times greater than that of the upper and lower strings. The average brightness of the Moon is 1,465,000 of the Sun's, with brightness varying from 1,630,000 to 1,375,000.

The brightness on average at the full moon is equal.

It gives the earth an average of lux, which is equivalent to the illuminance of a 100-watt electric lamp at a distance of 21 meters. The lunar surface is not a good reflector, its average albedo is only 9%, and the remaining 91% is absorbed by the moon. The albedo of the moon sea is even lower, about 7%.

The albedo of the lunar highlands and craters is 17%, and it looks like the mountains are brighter than the moon sea.

The surface morphology of the Moon is mainly formed by the following factors:

Gravel craters: The surface of the moon is covered with a large number of gravel craters, which were formed due to meteorite impacts. When a meteorite hits the surface of the moon, the huge amount of energy produced causes the rock to melt, volatilize, or **, forming craters.

The pinas of these gravel craters vary in size and shape, and some even form large pure impact basins on the Moon.

Basalt Plains: Basalt Plains are a flat terrain on the Moon that was formed primarily by volcanic activity. In the early days of the moon's formation, lava released by volcanic eruptions flowed through the moon's surface and gradually cooled and solidified, creating these vast plains.

Mountains: There are many mountain ranges on the Moon, the most notorious of which are the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Karpat. These mountains are caused by crustal movements, similar to tectonic movements on Earth.

Craters: Craters are large impact craters formed by meteorite impacts, usually round or elliptical in shape. The craters formed by these impacts are very common on the surface of the Moon, the most famous of which are the Teclit and Coptic craters located on the front side of the Moon.

On a clear night, when we look up and see a full moon hanging in the sky, we will see that there is some light and dark on the moon, in fact, the moon also has different terrains of different heights like the earth.

The topography of the Moon is divided into the following 5 parts:

1) Craters.

The crater is a distinctive feature of the lunar surface, covering almost the entire lunar surface. The name of the ring is Galileo.

up. The Bailey crater near the South Pole is the largest crater on the Moon, with a diameter of 295 meters, larger than Hainan Island.

Even bigger, the smaller crater is also very small, and it may even be a pothole of tens of centimeters. There are about 33,000 on the moon with a diameter of not less than 1,000 meters, accounting for the surface area of the moon.

of 7% to 10%.

2) Moon Sea. The so-called moon sea is actually a wide plain on the moon and does not refer to the ocean on the moon, but is actually a dull black spot on the moon that we see with the naked eye. The topography of the Moon Sea is similar to that of the basins on Earth, and is generally low, with the Moon Sea 1 2 km lower than the average level of the Moon, and some even as low as 6 km, such as the southeast of the Rain Sea.

The reason why they appear darker is due to the low aldolence of the lunar surface.

3) Moon Land. It is the first topographic feature of the Moon, the area above the lunar sea, about 2 3 km above the level of the lunar sea. It has a much higher illuminance than the Moon Sea, so it looks brighter.

From the front side of the moon, the area of the lunar land is about the same as that of the lunar sea; But on the far side of the moon.

Its area is much larger than that of the Moon Sea. The Lunar Land is arguably the oldest topographical feature on the Moon.

4) Radial streaks on the lunar surface. The radiant pattern of the lunar surface is actually a bright band, which extends in all directions from the center of the crater, passing through the mountain system, the moon sea and the crater. The length and brightness of the radiant streaks vary in length, but one of the most striking highlights is the radiant streak of Tycho Crater, the longest of which is 1,800 kilometres long and even more spectacular to observe during the full moon.

5) Moon Valley. There are many famous rift valleys on our planet. In fact, there are also such structures on the surface of the moon, and those large black cracks that appear to be curvy are equivalent to "rifts" on the earth.

Known here as the Moon Valley, some of them stretch for hundreds to thousands of kilometers and range in width from a few thousand meters to tens of kilometers. Larger and wider ones are generally found in the flatter parts of the lunar land, while smaller ones are found everywhere. The most famous Moon Valley is in the southeast of Plato's crater, the Alps that connect the Rainy Sea with the Cold Sea.

Otsuki Valley.