What causes volcanoes, what are the causes of volcanic eruptions

Why did Guo Desheng completely crack the cause?

According to the knowledge of geography, lake sediment forms marshland, marshland continues to evolve into land, this is the content of geographical knowledge imparted, if you continue to study deeply, the land formed is in the interior of the lake basin, this land has the same geomorphological structure as the connotation and extension of the basin, then, that is to say, lake sediment can form a basin, this discovery, completely make up for the worldwide gap in the history of earth science, all the mysteries of geology, are because of the "lake sediment can form a basin" This point of view conceals that any research scholar understands this gap, and almost all professional scholars can easily understand the mysteries and other mysteries of geoscience. It's not because I have superhuman intelligence, it's just that I made a chance discovery and discovered a huge "gap" in the field of basic knowledge of earth science, and this discovery completely opened the door to earth science and was unstoppable.

A very simple logical thinking, if I don't discover the mystery of **, there is no way to find that there is a huge gap in the basic knowledge of geoscience.

Volcanic eruptions are a natural phenomenon due to the ejection of molten material from the Earth's interior under pressure

The Earth's interior temperature and density are uneven, forming mantle convection or mantle plumes inside the mantle. When a hot substance rises to the shallow part of the earth, partial melting occurs due to a decrease in pressure.

Under the action of external forces, these molten materials come together and form a magma sac in the shallow part of the earth. When the pressure of the magma sac is greater than the pressure of the formation, the magma breaks through the earth's crust along the fault or weak point, causing a volcanic eruption.

Another type of volcanism is caused by plate interactions, such as in the subduction zone or collision zone of the plate, due to the formation of local high temperatures due to friction, the dehydration of some water-bearing minerals also reduces the melting point of the rock, which also forms magma sacs, which triggers volcanic activity.

The process of volcanic eruptions

The process before volcanoes erupt from the surface can be summarized into three stages: magma formation and initial ascent phase, magma sac stage, and exit magma sac to the surface.

1. Magma formation and initial ascent stage.

There must be two processes for magma to be produced: partial melting and separation of the melt from the parent rock. In fact, it is unlikely that these two processes will be independent of each other, and the separation of the melt from the parent rock may have occurred when the melt began to occur.

Partial melting is the coexistence of a liquid (i.e., magma) and a solid (crystalline) that can be produced by an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, and a decrease in the solidus. When part of the molten material rises with the mantle flow, the separation of liquid and solid will also occur in the flow, resulting in the movement and even aggregation of liquid, which is called melting.

2. Magma sac stage.

A magma sac is an area filled with magma under a volcano, where magma is relatively abundant in the crust or upper mantle rock medium. Generally regarded as a high-temperature fluid in rock pores (or fractures) similar to oil reservoirs, magma is generally considered to account for only 5%-30% of the total volume within the mantle plume.

From a local point of view, it can be regarded as a collection of liquids with relative internal circulation. Magma is a mixture of magma melts, volatiles, and crystals.

3. From the magma sac to the surface stage.

The rise of magma from the magma source area to the near-surface pathway is related to the excess pressure of the magma sac, the formation and penetration of channels, and the crystallization and degassing processes in the rise of magma. Tensile or tensile-shear fractures can occur when the tensile or tensile-shear stress in the earth's crust is greater than the local rock fracture strength, and if these fractures are connected to each other, they can be used as channels for magma eruptions.

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Volcanic Eruptions.

In the world, only Guo Desheng objectively explained the causes of the volcano.

Volcanic activity on our planet generally occurs in unusual geological settings, most of which are at the boundaries of the vast plates that make up the lithosphere. Why do volcanoes erupt? Here's what I have compiled about the causes of volcanic eruptions, let's take a look!

Causes of volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions, a geological term, are a peculiar geological phenomenon, a manifestation of the movement of the earth's crust and one of the most intense displays of thermal energy on the surface of the earth's interior. It is the release of ejecta such as magma from a crater to the surface in a short period of time. Due to the large amount of volatiles contained in the magma, coupled with the confining pressure of the overlying rock layer, these volatiles are dissolved in the magma and cannot overflow, when the magma rises close to the surface, the pressure decreases, and the volatiles are released sharply, thus forming a volcanic eruption.

The origin of volcanic eruptions

In ancient Rome, people saw volcanic eruptions and burned the mountain.

The reason is attributed to the anger of the fire god Volcano, so the volcano in the Lipari Islands in the Mediterranean Sea in southern Italy got its name, and also became the English name of the word volcano - volcano.

Magma is divided into primary magma and regenerated magma.

Primary magma is formed from molten material trapped by the Earth's core. The Earth's core traps molten material and some other materials to form a huge thick molten layer. The composition of these substances is uneven. The primary magma solidified to form the most primitive earth's crust.

The various intrusive rocks we see, such as ultramafic rocks, mafic rocks, neutral rocks, acidic rocks and alkaline rocks, as well as various types of magma erupted by volcanoes, are all regenerated magma, but the depth of the channel, the material composition and the degree of differentiation are different.

The Earth's liquid layer is made up of regenerated magma formed by mutation of primary magma – formed by changes in temperature, composition, and state of matter.

Conditions for the formation of volcanoes

1.For the formation of partial melts, there must be a high level of geothermal heat (self-accumulation or external boundary conditions), or uplift and decompression processes, or dehydration to reduce the solidus;

2.The enrichment of magma in the earth's crust, or the location of magma sac formation, is related to the depth of the neutral buoyancy surface, which in turn is related to the rheological discontinuity of the crust.

3.The physicochemical processes in the magma sac are mainly the fraction and interaction of crystals, volatiles and fluids, and the magma eruption initiates or inhibits it. The presence of magma sacs in the earth's crust plays a role in intercepting and transforming the magma on the rising mantle.

It is also an important condition for the formation of **-type volcanic eruptions.

4.The presence of magma sacs promotes the formation of magma channels, and the tensile stress field generated by tectonic activities is the main reason for the formation of magma channels.

5.The rise of magma after leaving the magma sac is driven by both pressure gradient and buoyancy.

The causes of volcanic eruptions are as follows:

1. Volcanic eruptions are a phenomenon of nature like **, which is magical, beautiful and spectacular. Volcanoes can be divided into active, extinct, and dormant volcanoes.

2. Due to the mutual friction and collision between plates, local high temperatures are formed, which leads to the melting of rocks and the formation of magma sacs, triggering volcanic activity.

3. There is also a large amount of hot magma in the interior of the earth, and under the action of great pressure, some weak parts of the earth's crust will not be able to withstand the activity of magma gushing out, causing volcanic eruptions.

4. The disasters caused by volcanic eruptions are also very huge, which will destroy a large amount of land, animals and plants, etc., but the volcanic ash brought by volcanic eruptions is an excellent natural fertilizer, which is conducive to the growth of plants.

It is affected by various factors such as the nature of the magma, the pressure in the underground magma reservoir, the shape of the volcanic channel, and the environment of the eruption (onshore or underwater).

When the volcano erupted, accompanied by an earth-shattering roar, the stones flew and rolled, and the blazing magma gushed out from the ground like an incomparable fire dragon, devouring everything around, and in an instant, dozens of miles were shrouded in a thick smoke and fog.

Sometimes, volcanic eruptions can cause a high mountain to rise in an instant, as was the case with Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Cotoppakshi near the equator; Sometimes, it can swallow entire villages and towns in an instant.

First aid methods for volcanic eruption escape.

1. The gas spilled by the volcanic eruption can kill people, so cover your mouth and nose with a wet hand towel and flee as soon as possible.

2. Look for sturdy and enclosed underground structures to avoid the threat of volcanic eruptions.

3. Whether it is a dormant volcano or an active volcano, it can erupt at any time. When a volcano erupts, clouds of ash darken the sky, rocks fall from the sky, and lava rushes down the hillside. The crater and cracks on the side of the volcano spew large amounts of poisonous gas. Volcanic eruptions are a huge disaster that cannot be reversed by man.

However, if you can take the right action when it breaks out, you may be lucky enough to survive.

Volcanic eruption is a geological term, a peculiar geological phenomenon, a manifestation of the movement of the earth's crust, and the strongest manifestation of thermal energy on the surface. It is a manifestation of the release of ejecta such as magma from a crater to the surface in a short period of time. It is caused by the dissolution of ejecta such as magma from the crater to the surface of the earth in a short period of time.

Magma has a lot of volatilization. As the magma rises close to the surface, the pressure decreases and volatiles are released sharply, causing a volcanic eruption. They are all regenerated magma, but they differ in depth, channel material composition, and degree of differentiation.

The Earth's liquid layer is made up of regenerated magma formed by mutation of primary magma. It is formed by changes in temperature grade, composition and state of matter. Conditions for the formation of volcanoes1.

For the formation of partial melt, there must be a high geothermal (self-accumulation or external conditions), or a process of uplift and decompression, or dehydration to reduce the solidus; 2.The enrichment of magma in the earth's crust, or the location of magma sac formation, is related to the depth of the neutral buoyancy surface, which is related to the rheological discontinuity of the crust. 3. The physicochemical processes in the magma sac are mainly the ratio and interaction of crystals, volatiles and fluids, which promote or inhibit magma eruption. The presence of magma sacs in the earth's crust plays a role in intercepting or transforming the ground and rising magma.

This is also an important condition that leads to a volcanic eruption. 4.The presence of magma sacs is conducive to promoting the formation of magma channels, and the tensile stress field generated by tectonic activities is the main reason for the formation of magma channels.

5.The ascent of magma after leaving the magma sac is driven by both pressure gradient and buoyancy.

The formation of volcanoes is a series of physicochemical processes. The main thing is that the large amount of radioactive material present in the interior of the earth, decays in its natural state, producing a large amount of heat.

This heat could not be dissipated to the ground, and the temperature continued to rise, until the rock melted, forming a state of hot melting in the earth's interior. Once these magma segments break through the earth's crust and erupt from the ground, volcanoes are formed.

The whole process is analyzed from the perspective of thermodynamic theory: during compression, the outside world does work on the refrigerant, and the temperature increases; When decompressing, the refrigerant does work on the outside world, and the temperature will inevitably decrease. Therefore, volcanoes are supposed to be formed by melting rocks from the heat generated by the decay of radioactive materials.