Problems and countermeasures in China s industrial structure

(1) Industrial development is in a critical period from quantitative expansion to quality improvement. The gap between China's industry and developed countries, with the exception of a few industries, is not mainly in production capacity and output. Improving the level of production technology and labor productivity, enriching the variety and structure of products, and reducing the material consumption per unit of product have become the key to improving international competitiveness.

This puts forward new requirements for industrial development. (2) The industrial structure is in a critical period of adapting to changes in demand and solving the problem of relative overproduction. At present, the production capacity of most of China's products has exceeded the market demand, and there is a relative surplus.

Avoid excessive competition, optimize the allocation of resources, adapt to people's multi-variety and multi-level needs, provide high-quality products and high-level services, and carry out structural adjustment and optimization in a timely manner.

Further information: Although favorable policies are frequent, the current situation of China's manufacturing industry is not optimistic. Dr. Wang Xiwen, director of the Institute of E-commerce of the Center for International Economic and Technical Cooperation of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, has worked in the field of industry and information technology for more than 10 years

Although China is already a big manufacturing country, the manufacturing industry is "big but not strong", and there is still a large gap with the manufacturing power, there are many problems, some of which are fundamental, and the most important ones are three major problems

First, the industrial structure is unreasonable. From the perspective of production, the irrationality of the industrial structure of China's manufacturing industry is manifested in structural and regional overproduction at a low level, and it is also manifested in the high consumption and high cost of enterprise production. Specifically, many important industries are highly dependent on foreign technology, have weak independent development capabilities, and are difficult to adapt to fierce international competition.

Second, the added value of the product is not high. For a long time, most Chinese enterprises have adopted OEM production methods, which are at the middle and low end of the global value chain, and mainly rely on imports for product design, key components and process equipment.

Third, the energy consumption is large, and the pollution is serious. At present, China's chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia nitrogen, etc., and carbon dioxide emissions rank first in the world.

1) The development of the industry is in a critical period from the expansion of quantity to the improvement of quality. The gap between China's industry and the developed countries, with the exception of a few industries, is not mainly in terms of production capacity and output. Improving the level of production technology and labor productivity, enriching the variety and structure of products, and reducing the material consumption per unit of product have become the key to improving international competitiveness.

This puts forward new requirements for industrial development. (2) The industrial structure is in a critical period to adapt to the changes in demand and solve the problem of relative overproduction. At present, the production capacity of most products in China has exceeded the market demand and there is a relative surplus.

The trend of avoiding excessive competition, optimizing the allocation of resources, adapting to the needs of the people at multiple varieties and levels, and providing high-quality products and high-level services requires timely adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure. (3) The industrial structure is in a critical period of upgrading. From the perspective of the actual operation of domestic industries, the contradiction of structural shortages has been basically eliminated, and the current focus should be on raising the level of industrial development, vigorously developing high-tech industries while transforming and upgrading traditional industries, and making the industrial structure enter new fields of high-tech, high-processing, and high-value-added [1].

4) Industrial development and structural adjustment are in a critical period of participating in international competition. China's accession to the WTO has spread the international competition faced by China's industries to the domestic market. Under the situation that the competitiveness of emerging industries has not yet been formed and the comparative advantages brought about by the traditional international division of labor are weakening day by day, the optimization of the industrial structure is not only related to the international competitiveness of products and enterprises, but also related to the security of national industries and even national economic development.

For example, our industrial structure is low, scattered, lack of scientific layout, and many industries are repetitively constructed, resulting in overcapacity, less high-end industrial layout, and fewer forward-looking layouts. Therefore, the adjustment of China's industrial structure is imminent. The task of de-capacity and de-inventory is not easy, and this must be controlled.

The upgrading of China's industrial structure is not optimistic, which is reflected in what aspects1Agricultural modernization has a long way to goThe real estate and financial sectors need to be stable3The scientific and technological innovation system needs to be reformed and improved.

The specific questions are:

In order to ensure the stability of the industrial chain and the first chain, China still needs to develop the secondary industry with high quality, but the secondary industry is a problem that coexists, and the task of transformation and upgrading is urgent and arduous.

The main problems are: high energy consumption, high emissions, and low energy efficiency.

1. The vast majority of regional key industries belong to resource processing industries, and the dependence on agricultural resources, forestry resources, and mineral resources is too high.

2. The scale of industrial enterprises is small, mostly small enterprises and collective enterprises, the industrial chain is short, there is no upstream and downstream industrial clusters, the product market competitiveness is poor, the scientific and technological content is low, the enterprises cannot meet the requirements of scale economy and socialized large-scale production, and the degree of utilization of resources is not high.

3. The dominant industries within the regional industry have a high degree of similarity with the surrounding cities, mainly concentrated in the food processing and manufacturing industry, the beverage manufacturing industry, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, etc., and there is intra-regional competition in a larger sense.

4. Backward technical equipment, lack of technical talents, lack of basic industries and high-tech industries with high scientific and technological content.

1) The production and supply structure does not adapt to the changes in domestic and foreign market demand. In terms of production and supply, there is a structural, phased, and regional surplus under a low consumption level.

2) Section. I.

Second, the tertiary industry itself is relatively extensive and backward, and the proportion between them is not reasonable. The degree of modernization of the primary industry is very low, and the basic position of agriculture is still weak and weak.

The proportion of the secondary industry is too high, the internal quality is not high, and there are many low-level duplications. Although the tertiary industry has developed rapidly in recent years, its level is still not high and cannot meet the needs of modern economic development and the continuous improvement of the people's living standards.

3) Within various industries, the level of specialization is low, and the problem of lack of banquets in the scale of enterprise organization is prominent, and it is difficult to form the advantage of economies of scale.

At the present stage, there are still some problems and deficiencies in China's economic structure. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects.

Defects in industrial structure]: The tertiary industry accounts for a low proportion of GDP.

In the international comparison of the employment structure, the same shows that our country is the first.

The proportion of the primary and secondary industries is large, while the proportion of the tertiary industry is small. Since the reform and opening up, the proportion of employed persons in the three major industries has been adjusted from ::in 1978 to :::in 2005

However, it is still far from meeting the employment structure requirement that the proportion of employment in the primary industry in the total employment will be reduced to less than 20% when industrialization is basically completed.

In terms of different industries, there are also some problems in the internal structure of the three industries that cannot be ignored: in agriculture. First, the agricultural infrastructure is still relatively backward, second, China's agricultural industrialization and large-scale operation are still in its infancy, third, the industrial selection is convergent, and the regional layout of bulk agricultural products is unreasonable, and fourth, the agricultural socialized service system is not perfect, and the risk of agricultural input is relatively large.

In terms of industry, the production structure is not reasonable enough, which is manifested in structural and regional overproduction at a low level, and also in the high consumption and high cost of enterprise production. Second, the industrial organizational structure is not reasonable enough. At present, a common phenomenon of various industries in China is that the degree of dispersion is relatively high and the degree of concentration is low.

Third, the industrial technology structure is not rational enough. The improvement of technology and quality is overly dependent on introduction, and the ability of independent development is weak, which is not suitable for the fierce international competition. Fourth, emerging industries such as high-tech industries and environmental protection industries are relatively backward.

First, from the perspective of the internal structure of the tertiary industry, China is still dominated by traditional commerce and service industries, and some basic tertiary industries (such as post and telecommunications, communications) and emerging tertiary industries (such as finance and insurance, information, consulting, science and technology, etc.) are still underdeveloped. Second, the growth mode of the tertiary industry is extensive and the efficiency is low. Third, the degree of marketization is low, and the ability of technological innovation is not enough to use the structure of GDP

There is an imbalance between investment and consumption.

The problems existing in China's current overall industrial structure are as follows:

1 There is an imbalance in the proportional relationship between the three industries, and the proportion of the tertiary industry is low. The proportion of the primary industry is high, higher than that of countries with the same income level; The proportion of the secondary industry is obviously high, not only higher than that of countries with the same income level, but also higher than that of industrialized countries;

The share of the tertiary sector is much lower than that of equal-income countries and developed countries.

2 The primary sector remains inefficient. The degree of automation is low, the foundation is unstable, the mode of production is backward, the investment in infrastructure is insufficient, the ability to resist disasters has declined, the area of cultivated land has been greatly reduced, grain production has not yet shaken off the tradition of "relying on the sky for food", and the development of urbanization is slow.

3 Affected by traditional factors and the current domestic and foreign economic environment, the imbalance in the structure of China's secondary industry has not changed.

The processing business with high energy consumption, low technology content and low added value has put forward a severe test for the further rapid development of China's economy.

Basic industries have become bottlenecks, the proportion of manufacturing industry is high, the light textile industry has serious overproduction, the processing industry has small-scale and low-level redundant construction, and the traditional industries are not commensurate with the high-tech industries.

4 The overall backwardness of the tertiary industry has not changed significantly. From an industrial point of view, the contribution rate of the secondary industry to the economy has always been relatively high, and economic development is mainly driven by the secondary industry. The contribution rate of the tertiary industry to the economy has increased greatly, but with the development of the national economy, the contribution rate of the tertiary industry to the growth of the economy has not maintained an upward trend, especially in 2007-2008

In the past few years, the contribution rate of the tertiary industry to economic growth has declined. It shows that the development of China's tertiary industry has lagged behind in recent years. From the perspective of the internal structure of the tertiary industry, developed countries are mainly dominated by emerging industries such as information, consulting, science and technology, and finance, while China is still dominated by traditional commercial and service industries.

For example, post and telecommunications, communications) and emerging tertiary industries (such as finance and insurance, information, consulting, science and technology, etc.) are naturally underdeveloped.