Problems and solutions about the land of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty incorporated the Ding Yin that had been passed down through the dynasties into a tax system levied by Tian Fu. It is a feudal society in China.

An important reform of the later enslavement system. It originated from the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods. Its main content is the abolition of the poll tax, after which the Chinese population.

The rapid growth is objectively a relaxation of personal control over the peasants at the bottom.

The practice of spreading into acres:

The collection of Ding Yin into the field tax abolished the previous "poll tax", so that the landless peasants and other laborers were freed from the burden of Ding labor for thousands of years; The increased tax burden on landlords also limited or eased land annexation to a certain extent.

The burden on landless peasants is relatively light.

At the same time, the control of household registration was also relaxed, so that farmers and craftsmen could move freely and sell their labor. It is conducive to arousing the production enthusiasm of the vast number of peasants and other laborers and promoting the progress of social production.

The Ming Dynasty practiced a whip law.

The Qing Dynasty continued to implement it, and part of the Ding silver was levied on the acres of land, and part of the Ding silver was levied on a per capita basis. When it came to Qianlong, it was passed through the whole country, and after the spread into the mu, the land was one.

Ding Yin and Tian Fu unified the taxation of acres of land, simplifying the tax and collection procedures.

In the early Qing Dynasty, although the class contradictions in society were temporarily eased, the phenomenon of land annexation and the exploitation of the peasants by the landlord class was still serious. After the middle of Qianlong, the trend of land annexation became more and more ever. During the Qianlong period, more than half of the cultivated land area had been divided among the landlords, and many peasants who had previously owned land had also become tenants or cultivators of the landlords.

Peasants, who had no land to cultivate and no capital to replenish their tenants, had no choice but to go to the cities to sell their labor and become beggars, or to flee to the frontiers and remote places to earn a living.

Land Annexation Hazards:

The direct consequence was the loss of land by a large number of yeoman peasants, and the deterioration of the economic situation, which led to the intensification of class contradictions.

Since yeoman farmers are the main bearers of state taxes and forced labor, land annexation will lead to a decrease in fiscal revenue.

The expansion of the power of the landlord class will pose a threat to the centralization of feudal power and affect the unity and stability of the country.

If the common people have no land, they will definitely rebel, and this is the main consequence.

Land tenure is a system that regulates the ownership of land. Including land, state-owned land, private land and collective ownership of land. Private ownership of land is one of them.

With the development of the productive forces, under the private ownership of land, rich landlords or powerful eunuchs would use the money or power to annex the land of ordinary peasants. This is the inevitability of historical development. Unless land is not privately owned and land is state-owned.

Feudal land ownership can generally be divided into three types - private ownership of land by feudal landlords, state ownership of feudal land, and private ownership of land by peasants.

Private ownership of land is the land ownership system in which land is owned and controlled by individuals, which is gradually formed with the development of social productive forces, the disintegration of the primitive commune system and the emergence of the private ownership system. The earliest form in history was the slave owner land ownership system, and with the development of the commodity economy, the feudal landlord land ownership system and the capitalist land ownership system were formed successively. The common feature of these three types of private ownership of land is the separation of agricultural laborers and land occupiers, with laborers having no land and landowners not working.

The landowner and the laborer are in an antagonistic position, and the relationship between the two is one of exploitation and exploitation. In addition, although there are subordinate private lands of individual peasants, they are often the object of annexation by large landowners.

Land ownership refers to the system of land ownership confirmed by the state under a certain social mode of production. Land ownership is an important part of the ownership of the means of production and the core and foundation of the land system. China practices socialist public ownership of land, that is, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working masses.

The development of private ownership of feudal land was the root cause of land annexation.

On September 7, 1689 (July 14, the 28th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty), the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchu was signed, and 250,000 square kilometers of land north of the Outer Xing'an Mountains were assigned to Tsarist Russia.

On October 21, 1727, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Kyakhta, and China lost 100,000 square kilometers of land in the town of Bu south of Lake Baikal.

In 1858, in the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihui, Tsarist Russia forced the Qing Dynasty to cede more than 600,000 square kilometers of land area, including Jiangdong 64 Tun.

In 1860, Russia signed the Treaty of Beijing with the Qing Dynasty, gaining 440,000 square kilometers of land in northeast China, and China completely lost access to the Sea of Japan for the first time.

Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China's feudal society, in the 300-year history, there was a "prosperous era of Kangqian". This prosperous age is naturally and its relative perfectionAgrarian systemis inseparable, such as Kangxi's "spreading the ding into the mu" and Yongzheng's "fire consumption returns to the public".

Spread into the mu, also known as the spread into the ground, the unity of the ground, the grass was created in the Ming Dynasty, is the Qing Dynasty ** along the Ding silver into the field to levy a tax system. It was generally practiced during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty. Its main content is the abolition of the poll tax, which is objectively a relaxation of the personal control of the lowest peasants, and an important reform of the servitude system in the late period of China's feudal society, which abolished the poll tax (D tax) that has been practiced in China for more than 2,000 years, and incorporated it into the land tax.

At the beginning of the establishment of the Qing regime, the flames of war were still burning, and many people were killed and injured and went into exile. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, in the third year of the Apocalypse, there were still more than 50 million people registered in the country, but by the eighth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, there were only more than 30 million people left. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, there were more than 800,000 hectares of cultivated land on the record, and in the eighth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, there were only more than 500,000 hectares left.

The mountains and rivers are dilapidated, and the economy is withered. Moreover, the class contradictions are very serious, and there are dozens of large and small uprisings and riots in the country. In order to appease the exiles, restore and develop the social economy, alleviate class contradictions, stabilize social order, and consolidate political power, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty resolutely abandoned the system of enslavement outside the Guan, and took a fancy to the system of "apportioning the land into the mu" that had been tried in the previous dynasty.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of the original household tax service books of the Ming Dynasty were destroyed in the fire, and the Qing ** took the only remaining "Wanli Whip Book" as the basis for the levy and issuance of enlistment. In the process of its requisition, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty gradually realized the rationality of some of the measures of "spreading the land into the mu" in the "Wanli Whip Book", and in the late Kangxi period, the domestic land annexation was serious, "among the Yiyi, there are eleven those who have land, and nineteen who have no land". The land annexation has also caused a large number of population movements, and many people have gathered and fled, "the amount of Ding is short, the money is lost, the financial conscription is carried out by Ding, the inspection is difficult, the tax is set by the mu, and the inspection is easy."

They advocated that "the land should be calculated and the land should be determined", that is, the implementation of "apportionment into the mu", in order to eliminate the former disadvantages by adopting the method of combining the assignment and servitude.

The Han Dynasty established that private land was based on the payment of rent and tax per mu (less), the burden of taxation per person, and the labor (heavy), which was basically based on taxpayers and strict personal control.

During this period, there was an unsuccessful reform of Wang Mang, who imitated the ancient well field system and renamed the land of the whole country"Wang Tian", not allowed to buy or sell. Not only did it fail to solve the social land problem, but on the contrary, it imprisoned the peasants"Wang Tian"The act of being a cow and a horse has further intensified all kinds of contradictions.

Northern Wei to Sui and Tang dynasties (Xiaowen Emperor Reform – 780).

The feudal land state ownership system was based on the people's burden, the system of equalizing the land, the regulation of rents and Yong (Yong appeared in the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty abolished the age limit to ensure the working hours of the peasants), and the government and military system.

The Juntian system, the rent-yong modulation, and the government and military system are a trinity.

Due to the increase in the desire of landlords to pursue land due to private ownership of land, landlords carried out land annexation, and a large loss of state-owned land caused a fait accompli of landlords' private ownership (the system of land equalization completely collapsed, and the regulation of rent and yong could not be implemented) In 780, the two taxation laws (household tax and land tax, fixed time, and lax personal control) were implemented. The law promoted the emergence of a large number of feudal private ownership of land, and the landlords practiced division of labor and cooperative labor in large-scale estates, which was conducive to the development of the feudal economy.

In fact, under the premise that the state recognizes the land annexation of landlords, the two taxation laws tax landlords on the basis of land assets, which is a redistribution of landlords' interests in nature and a partial adjustment of production relations.

The Northern Song Dynasty Wang Anshi changed the law of Fang Tian Equal Tax Law.

The conscription law was the inheritance and development of "yong", even for landlords and bureaucrats. The Fangtian Tax Law is the inheritance of the tax land under the two tax laws. ** Land should be re-measured, and taxes should be levied according to the amount of land occupied by each household and the barrenness, with no exception from bureaucrats and landlords.

These ensured the peasants' productive time and increased the state's fiscal revenue.

A whip of Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty.

In 1581, Zhang Juzheng, the first assistant of the Ming Dynasty cabinet, in order to alleviate class contradictions, reform the tax system, and implement a whip law throughout the country. The conscription is combined, and the field endowment, conscription, and miscellaneous labor are apportioned on the acre, and the immediate service is attributed to the land, the land is measured, the mu is collected, and the silver is collected. It shows that the feudal state has greatly valued the land more than the population.

The collection of silver confined to China meets the needs of the development of the commodity economy, and is conducive to the commercialization of agriculture and the emergence and development of capitalism.

The Qing Dynasty's paving into acres.

On the basis of taking the number of people in the 50th year of Kangxi as a fixed number, Emperor Yongzheng implemented the method of "apportioning the ding into the mu", evenly apportioning the ding tax into the field endowment, collecting a unified land and silver, and completely solving the dual-track taxation form of the simultaneous collection of ding and land, thus completing the reform of China's feudal service system since the two tax laws of the Tang Dynasty - the historical process of merging the conscription and the poll tax into the land tax. In 1712, the Qing Dynasty stipulated that the number of people in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711) should be used as the fixed number of Ding tax for levy, and in the future, "breed people and never increase the endowment". In this way, the feudal state's personal control over the peasants was further relaxed, the peasants' enthusiasm for production was mobilized, the class contradictions were temporarily eased, and the relatively rapid economic development of the Kangqian period was promoted. The phenomenon of hidden population has also gradually decreased, which has contributed to the growth of our population.

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang destroyed the Six Kingdoms and unified them, and the territory of the powerful Qin Dynasty was unprecedented, so how did the rulers of the Qin Dynasty allocate land to the people?

According to historical records, the land reform of the Qin Dynasty was roughly divided into two stages. First, after the Shang Dynasty changed the law, taxes were paid per mu, and the economic system of the Qin State was fully transferred to "farming warfare". Second, Qin Shi Huang made "the head of the Qianqian from the real field" and officially recognized the private ownership of land throughout the country.

According to the records of the "Historical Records" and the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Lü Family", the land system of the Qin Dynasty is roughly as follows:

1. After the Shang Dynasty changed the law, taxes were paid per mu, and the economic system of the Qin State was fully transferred to "farming warfare". That is, attaching importance to agricultural production and foreign wars, supporting foreign wars with agricultural production, and granting land with military merits. At the same time, agricultural production is specifically guided by national decrees.

2. Qin Shi Huang made "the head of the Qianqian from the real field" and officially recognized the private ownership of land throughout the country. By virtue of this order, the landlord class was not only able to take possession of the land legally, but also to annex the land of the peasants by all means. The peasants whose land had been annexed had to cultivate the fields of the wealthy under the harsh conditions of "seeing taxes and tithes".

Although the Qin Dynasty recognized the private ownership of land, in order to protect the economy, it still had to pay land tax, and the land tax was directly handed over to the state (monarch), so the land as a whole still belonged to the state. In short, the land is owned to whoever the land tax is paid to.

3. Based on the idea of strengthening the state-owned land tax system, after the land is granted, the territory of Qianmo is set up, and no private changes are allowed

1. If the amount of land acquired by each peasant household and the tax paid to the state are equal;

2. Those who work hard to cultivate can be reduced or exempted from forced labor (labor service and military service);

3. If you pay 1,000 stone of grain to the state, you can get a first-class knighthood and so on.

Fourth, the Qin Dynasty also rewarded the breeding of cultivated cattle. Cattle farming was the main sign of the development of agricultural strategies at that time. There are regulations in the year.

In April, July, October and the first month, the cattle will be evaluated, and those who have excellent results will be rewarded.

Yes, it was always privately owned at that time, it was personal property, and I really wanted to help you look forward to it

Nominally privately owned, but in reality all the emperor's.

It is advisable to consult a history teacher or professional.

The stench was mopping the floor. Is it an experiment? Spit it out thoroughly. Find a supermarket. Wandering.