How enzyme catalysts in living organisms differ and similarize with catalysts in chemistry

Different from general chemical catalysts, it has the following characteristics:

a) Enzymes have a high degree of specificity.

2) Enzymes have high catalytic efficiency (high efficiency) Generally speaking, the reaction speed catalyzed by alcohol is 106-1013 times faster than that catalyzed by chemical catalysts.

3) Mild reaction conditions: Chemical catalysts catalyze chemical reactions.

Generally, vigorous reactions are required (e.g., high temperature, high pressure, strong acid).

strong alkali, etc.), however, enzyme-catalyzed reactions (enzymatic reactions) are generally at room temperature, pressure, and neutral pH.

and so mild reaction conditions.

4) Enzyme denaturation and inactivation Chemical catalysts will lose their catalytic ability due to poisoning under certain conditions; Enzymes, on the other hand, are more fragile and inactive than chemical catalysts. Anything that denatures proteins.

factors (strong acid, strong base, high temperature, etc.), can completely inactivate the enzyme.

5) Enzyme activity in the body is regulated In living organisms, enzyme activity is regulated and controlled. This is another important feature that distinguishes enzymes from chemical catalysts. There are many ways to regulate enzyme activity, such as:

Feedback regulation, covalent modification regulation, zymogen activation, allosteric regulation, hormone regulation, etc.

Same: both biological enzyme catalysts and inorganic catalysts accelerate the rate of chemical reactions within the cell.

Reduces the activation energy required for the reaction.

Enzyme catalysis is relatively efficient and specific. And there are conditional restrictions, such as temperature, pH, and chemical catalysts are different.

Enzymes have the following characteristics compared to general catalysts:

1. The reaction conditions are mild, and can be carried out at room temperature and pressure.

2. Strong specificity, an enzyme only acts on one or a class of substances called round, producing a certain and which product called the osmotic code.

3 The catalytic efficiency of enzymes is extremely high.

(1) Compared with general catalysts, enzymes are the same in many aspects as biological catalysts, such as low dosage and high catalytic efficiency. Like general catalysts, enzymes can only change the speed of chemical reactions, but not the equilibrium point of chemical reactions, and enzymes do not change before and after the reaction, so enzymes with relatively low content in cells can catalyze a large number of substrate changes in a short period of time, reflecting the high efficiency of enzyme catalysis. Enzymes can reduce the activation energy of the reaction

energy), but does not change the change in free energy during the reaction (g), thus speeding up the reaction and shortening the time for the reaction to reach equilibrium, but does not change the equilibrium constant

constant）.(2) However, enzymes are biological macromolecules with their own characteristics: (1) Enzyme catalytic efficiency:

The catalytic effect of enzymes can increase the reaction rate by 10 6 10 12 times, which is at least several times higher than the efficiency of ordinary catalysts. (2) High specificity of enzyme catalysts: including reaction specificity, substrate specificity, chiral specificity, geometric specificity, etc., that is, an enzyme can only act on a certain class or a specific substance.

For example, glycosidic bonds, ester bonds, peptide bonds, etc. can be hydrolyzed by acid-base catalysis, but the enzymes that hydrolyze these chemical bonds are different, which are the corresponding glycosidases, esterases and peptidases, that is, they can be hydrolyzed by specific enzymes. (3) Enzyme-catalyzed reaction conditions are mild: enzymatic reactions are generally carried out in aqueous solutions with pH=5 8 and a reaction temperature range of 20 40

Commonalities: (1) Low dosage and high catalytic efficiency.

2) It can only change the speed of the chemical reaction, but does not change the equilibrium point of the chemical reaction, and the enzyme itself does not change before and after the chemical reaction (3) It can reduce the activation energy of the chemical reaction.

Personality: (1) The catalytic efficiency is extremely high.

2) Have a high degree of specificity.

3) Enzymes are easily inactivated.

4) Enzyme activity can be adjusted in a timely and effective manner.

5) The conditions of action of the enzyme are relatively mild.

6) The catalytic activity of most enzymes is often related to coenzymes, cosylgroups or metal ions, and some enzyme activities also require RNA as a cofactor, such as telomerase.

1. High efficiency: the catalytic efficiency of enzymes is higher than that of inorganic catalysts, which makes the reaction rate faster;

2. Specificity: an enzyme can only catalyze one or a class of substrates, such as proteases can only catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides;

3. Mildness: It means that the chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes is generally carried out under milder conditions.

4. Activity adjustability: including inhibitor and activator regulation, feedback inhibition regulation, covalent modification regulation and allosteric regulation.

5. The catalytic properties of some enzymes are related to cofactors.

6. Denaturability, because most enzymes are proteins, they will be destroyed by high temperature, strong acid, strong alkali, etc.

Extended information] Enzymes are proteins or RNAs produced by living cells that are highly specific and catalytic to their substrates. The catalytic effect of enzymes depends on the integrity of the primary structure and spatial structure of the enzyme molecule. Denaturation of enzyme molecules or depolymerization of subunits can lead to loss of enzyme activity.

Enzymes are biological macromolecules, with molecular masses of at least 10,000 or more, and the largest ones can reach millions.

Enzymes are an extremely important class of biological catalysts. Thanks to enzymes, chemical reactions in living organisms can be carried out efficiently and specifically under extremely mild conditions.

1. The catalytic activity of enzyme catalysis is much higher than that of chemical catalysts.

2. The high specificity of enzyme catalysis, an enzyme can only act on a certain kind of spring or a specific substance.

3. The reaction conditions catalyzed by enzymes are mild, and the enzymatic reaction is generally required to be carried out under mild conditions such as room temperature, normal pressure, and neutral pH.

4. Adjustable enzyme activity, compared with chemical catalysts, another characteristic of enzyme catalysis is that its catalytic activity can be automatically regulated.

5. The catalytic activity of enzymes is related to coenzymes, coenzymes and metal ions, some enzymes are complex proteins, in which the small molecule substances coenzymes, coenzymes and metal debonding talkers are closely related to the catalytic activity of enzymes, if they are removed, the enzyme will lose its activity.