From the history of human civilization, we can see whether human beings are a contradictory race

The history of human civilization is itself a history of war, according to the statistics of historians: 80% of the time of recorded human beings has been spent in war. Yes, since the development of nuclear **, the frequency of large-scale wars of mankind seems to be decreasing, but this gathering of internal energy and contradictions will eventually erupt in a more violent form.

Each doctrine should be rigorously inferred and verified in practice. What the leaders, the sages, and the saints said was not necessarily true. Take off the halo on their heads and walk down the altar, they are ordinary people like you and me, and they all have seven emotions and six desires.

Don't beat around the bush, just tell you: people make mistakes!

How did human civilization achieve such breakthrough achievements in different regions at the same time during this period? Since the 60s of the 20th century, scholars from the East and the West have tried to explain this historical and cultural phenomenon from different perspectives. Western scholars have put forward the theory of cultural dissemination, the theory of historical environment change, and the theory of comparison of individual cognitive development models, and finally formed a new branch of historical sociology called "civilization dynamics".

Orientalists also put forward their own opinions, which led to some results. Although there has been a lot of research by scholars from the East and the West, so far, there has not been a universally accepted explanation for the cause and effect of the occurrence of this special historical and cultural phenomenon of the "Axial Age".

Historical materialism holds that material production is the most basic activity of human beings, which determines the mode of political and spiritual life. At the same time, spiritual life also plays an important role in material and political life. How to interpret the "Axial Age" from the perspective and method of historical materialism?

The following aspects should be taken into account. First, the human productive forces have made remarkable progress during this period, laying a solid material foundation for ideological and cultural breakthroughs. The widespread use of iron tools was a prominent sign of the development of productive forces in the "Axial Age".

The first people in the world to make iron tools were the Hittites in Asia Minor, around 1400 BC. Around 1000 B.C., ancient Greece and Rome began to use iron tools and weapons. During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron tools were already widely used in agriculture and handicraft production.

The extensive use of iron tools has brought human tool manufacturing into a completely new field, the productivity has been greatly improved, social production has been greatly developed, and human history has undergone profound changes. Second, mankind's ability to understand the world has been greatly enhanced. The improvement of productivity and social and economic progress have greatly expanded the area and scope of human activities, which in turn has broadened the vision of human beings to understand, observe and understand the objective world, and improved their ability to understand the world.

The thinkers of this period raised the scattered and obscure understanding of humanity to a new and higher level. Third, progress has been made in the emancipation and development of the people. The "Axial Age" was in the transition period from the early state form to the empire, and people gradually got rid of the shackles of blood relations in the early state, and began to exist in the form of individuals, and the value of individual existence began to be determined by themselves, and people obtained a major emancipation of themselves.

At that time, the world's three major classical cultural centers were all in an era of numerous states and competing for power. All kinds of sharp and complex contradictions between countries and within states made the "etiquette collapse and happiness" at that time, which broke the previous state of people's spiritual stability and balance, and triggered the deep thinking of the wise. Under the combined effect of these external and internal, material and spiritual conditions, the "Axial Age" became a major breakthrough in the history of human civilization.

First, the meaning is different.

1. Civilization: 1) The sum of the wealth created by human beings, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education, and science.

2) It refers to the state of human society that has developed to a higher stage and has a higher culture.

3) The old refers to the Western color of the time.

4) Bright and literate.

2. Culture: 1) The sum of material and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education, science, etc.

2) Archaeological terminology refers to the complex of relics and relics in the same historical period that are not transferred according to the distribution location. The same tools, utensils, and manufacturing techniques are the characteristics of the same culture, such as Yangshao culture and Longshan culture.

3) Refers to the ability to use words and general knowledge.

Second, the source is different.

1. Civilization: Lu Xun's "Quasi-Fengyue Talk: Copying Targets": "China is the place with the oldest civilization, and it is also a country that values humanity. ”

2. Culture: Cao Yu "Wang Zhaojun" Act II: "He did not believe in the sincerity of the Han Dynasty in treating the Xiongnu and looked down on Chang'an culture. ”

Third, the focus is different.

1. Civilization: refers to material culture.

2. Culture: refers to spiritual culture and social culture.

Culture is the sum of all the social phenomena of the wisdom group and the inner spirit of the group.

It encompasses the history of the intelligent community from the past to the future, and is the content of all the activities of the group based on nature. It is the inner whole of all the material appearances and spirits of the group.

The specific content of human culture refers to the history, geography, customs, traditional customs, tools, accessories, lifestyle, religious beliefs, literature and art, norms, laws, systems, ways of thinking, values, aesthetic tastes, spiritual totems, etc.

Specific human culture is divided into material culture, philosophical thought (institutional culture and psychological culture).

It is more appropriate here to call the culture of the non-human intelligent group a subculture. Although they have common points in human culture, one essential difference is that the autonomous value and autonomous will of human beings are completely different from those of other intelligent groups.

the definition of culture in the narrow sense; "We call the increase of feelings, thoughts, consciousness, and concepts from the brain to subjectivity, reason, and truth, level by level, as culture.

Civilization is the sum total of the humanistic spirit, invention and creation, and public order and good customs that are conducive to enhancing human beings' adaptation and cognition to the objective world, conforming to the spiritual pursuit of mankind, and being recognized and accepted by the vast majority of people. Civilization is the collection of all the social and natural acts that have freed mankind from barbarism, and these collections include at least the following elements: family ideas, tools, languages, writings, beliefs, religious ideas, laws, city-states and states, and so on.

Due to the uneven distribution of various civilization elements in time and geography, various civilizations with obvious differences have been produced, specifically in modern times, that is, the four major civilizations of Western civilization, Arab civilization, Eastern civilization, and ancient Indian civilization, as well as the sub-civilizations of Russia, Turkey, Oceanic Civilization and Southeast Asian Civilization formed by the convergence and integration of multiple civilizations.

Culture is the foundation of civilization, and civilization is the sublimation of culture. There are several internationally recognized criteria for examining whether a culture has transitioned to the stage of civilization:1

the establishment of cities; 2.the production of words; 3.a unique and well-developed etiquette culture; 4.

The existence of man-made metal tools, that is, there is a certain metal smelting technology. Among the four basic characteristics, the emergence of cities is the most important necessary condition, and on this basis, the satisfaction of two of the latter three can be basically recognized as a kind of human civilization.

Culture is a group (it can be a country.

Family, it can also be a nation, an enterprise, a family) in a certain period of time, the thoughts, concepts, behaviors, customs, habits, representative figures, and all activities radiated by the overall consciousness of the group. Traditionally, whether a person has or is not literate refers to the level of education he has received. The latter is a narrow interpretation, and the former is a broad interpretation.

Civilization is the sum of material and spiritual wealth created by human beings, which is generally divided into material civilization and spiritual civilization, and material civilization is the material achievement of human beings transforming nature. It is manifested in the progress of people's material production and the improvement of material life, which is the material foundation of spiritual civilization and plays a decisive role in spiritual civilization, especially its Chinese construction, and the nature of material civilization is determined by the mode of production. Spiritual civilization is the sum total of the spiritual achievements made by mankind in the process of transforming the objective and subjective worlds, and is the state of progress of human wisdom and morality.

To put it simply, culture is part of civilization.

Civilization refers to the sum total of the wealth created by human beings. Culture is a social phenomenon, a product of people's creation over a long period of time. Culture is a civilization, and civilization is not necessarily a culture.

Civilization refers to the sum of the wealth created by human beings, especially the spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education, science, etc., and also refers to the state of society that has developed to a higher stage. It is a general term for the way of life and way of thinking produced in the process of inheritance, development, integration and differentiation of human aesthetic concepts and cultural phenomena. It is a phenomenon that began to appear after human beings began to live in groups and the specialization of social division of labor appeared, and the prototype of human society was basically formed.

It is a product of a relatively rich material foundation, and it is also a basic attribute of human society. Civilization is the concrete embodiment of the ideas and concepts gradually formed by human beings in the process of understanding and transforming the world, as well as the constantly evolving human nature.

Culture is a very broad concept, and it is very difficult to give it a strict and precise definition. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of their respective disciplines. To date, however, no accepted and satisfactory definition has been obtained.

According to statistics, there are at least 200 different definitions of "culture". Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, the product of people's creation and formation over a long period of time. At the same time, it is a historical phenomenon and the accumulation of social history.

To be precise, culture refers to a country's or nation's history, geography, customs, traditional customs, way of life, literature and art, behavioral norms, ways of thinking, values, etc.

Civilization defines the moral dimension; Culture defines the level of knowledge. Therefore, civilized people are not necessarily educated, and educated people are not necessarily civilized.