What are the two forms of the scroll system, and what are the characteristics of each?

The form of government refers to the principles and DU adopted by a particular country

to organize the organs of political power aimed at governing society and maintaining social order. The principles and methods of organizing the organs of political power, especially the organs of the ** political power, show the state form of a particular country. As a form of political organization, the form of the state is a concept that directly corresponds to the essence of the state, that is, the state system, and indirectly embodies the will and interests of the state's ruling group.

The form of political organization refers to the form in which the class that holds the state power organizes the state organs to realize its class rule, and is the way in which the will of the state is formed and expressed. Due to the differences in the specific historical conditions of various countries, different countries have different forms of political organization, but they can be roughly divided into capitalist countries and socialist countries.

In capitalist countries, the form of political organization can be divided into dual constitutional monarchy, parliamentary constitutional monarchy, ** system, parliamentary republic, committee system and semi-** semi-parliamentary system.

The organizational form of socialist state power is the people's representative system.

There are many organizations in the world that are capable of organizing things.

Full foundation: (including valve-shaped foundation and box foundation), the lower part of the building is made into a single reinforced concrete foundation. The main foundation form of modern architecture, mainly suitable for small high-rise and high-rise buildings with low foundation bearing capacity, features:

It is high cost, large stress area, uniform force, suitable for building basements.

Independent column foundation: This is still widely used foundation, suitable for multi-storey buildings, the bearing capacity is not as good as the full foundation, but the cost is lower.

Strip foundation: When the building adopts brick wall load-bearing, the foundation under the wall is often continuously set to form a long strip foundation. It's not commonly used anymore, except for the fence.

Reinforced concrete prefabricated (cast) piles: This kind of piles are prefabricated at the construction site or component yard, driven into the soil with a pile driver, and then poured on the top of the pile reinforced concrete cushion cap. It has a large bearing capacity, is not affected by changes in the groundwater level, and has good durability.

However, due to its weight, transportation and hoisting are more difficult. The vibration is large when the pile is driven, which has a certain impact on the surrounding houses.

Cup-shaped foundation: This foundation is used only in the local area with poor geological conditions and the replacement cost is too large, which can save a certain cost.

Reinforced concrete raft foundation: the overall foundation is evenly stressed, which can resist the cracking phenomenon caused by the uneven settlement of the foundation to the superstructure to a certain extent.

What are the types of foundations and what are the characteristics of each? The whole point of the well-wisher's answer is to start with the rigid foundation and the flexible foundation. . .

There are four main forms of organizational structure: linear system, functional system, linear functional system, and matrix system.

The characteristics of each are:

1. Linear system: simple structure, centralized power, clear subordination, clear responsibilities, rapid decision-making, but there are no functional departments, leaders have no assistants, and leaders need to be all-round talents, unable to achieve management specialization, which is not conducive to improving the management level.

2. Functional system: functional departments are set up between the management levels, and the leadership directs the functional departments but not the executive departments, and the functional departments carry out business management of the subordinate executive departments. This method emphasizes the professionalization of management, improves the quality of work, and reduces the burden on leaders.

However, this method does not deal with the relationship between the management department and the management level, and it is easy to form multiple management, resulting in unclear responsibilities.

3. Linear function system: absorbing the advantages of the linear system and the functional system, the functional departments are also set up between the management, but the functional departments are not directly commanded by the subordinates as the staff officers of the leaders at the same level, and only do management work within the scope of business, and the instructions of the functional departments can only be issued after the approval of the leaders. The relationship between the management levels is based on the principle of the linear system.

This structure maintains the characteristics of unified command and satisfies the specialized division of functions. Centralized leadership and clear responsibilities are conducive to improving management efficiency. However, the horizontal connection between departments is poor, the information transmission route is long, and the functional departments and the command departments are prone to contradictions.

4. Matrix system: according to the functional division of the department and the management organization set up according to the project (product), the management body combined according to the matrix, the organization is set up according to the project, the project management personnel are transferred from the functional departments, and the project management personnel return to the functional departments. The structure is flexible and realizes the optimal combination of centralization and decentralization, but the personnel transfer is frequent, the organizational structure changes frequently, the stability is poor, and the members in the matrix are under the dual leadership of the project manager and the manager of the functional department, which is prone to contradictions and contradictions.

Limited Liability Company, Shares****, Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises, Joint Ventures, State-Owned Holding Enterprises.

1. Conduction:

It has the effect of relying on the temperature difference inside the object or the direct contact of two different objects, without producing relative motion, only relying on the thermal motion of the particles inside the object to transfer heat;

2. Convection: the process of heat transfer caused by the relative displacement between the parts of the fluid with different temperatures;

1) Self-convection: depending on the density difference of the object, the biggest factor causing the density change is temperature;

2) Forced convection: the relative motion caused by mechanical action or pressure difference (by considering work);

3. Thermal radiation: The process of transferring energy through electromagnetic waves is called radiation, and the radiation process carried out by converting the internal energy of an object into the energy of electromagnetic waves due to heat.

As long as any object is above 0K, thermal radiation can occur, which is widely used in infrared detection and is more widely used in air separation.

Rarely, the vacuum brazing heating of plate-fin heat exchangers relies on heat radiation.

1. Scientific and technological innovation.

2. Enterprise innovation.

Innovation is the unique cognitive and practical ability of human beings, the advanced expression of human subjective initiative, and the inexhaustible driving force for national progress and social development. If a nation wants to be at the forefront of the times, it cannot do without innovative thinking for a moment, and it cannot stop all kinds of innovation for a moment. Innovation plays an important role in the study of economics, technology, sociology and architecture.

The two forms of innovation are scientific and technological innovation and technological innovation.

1. Scientific and technological innovation is the source of the development of social productive forces.

Scientific and technological innovation refers to innovation in the field of science and technology, covering two aspects: new discoveries of natural science knowledge and innovation of technology and technology. In modern society, universities, scientific and engineering research institutions and other research institutions are the basic subjects of basic scientific and technological innovation, while enterprises are the basic subjects of applied engineering technology and technological innovation.

2. Enterprise innovation.

Enterprise innovation is a basic component of innovation in the modern economy. Enterprises are often composed of production, procurement, marketing, service, technology research and development, finance, human resource management and other functional departments, so the innovation of enterprises covers these functional departments, enterprise innovation includes product innovation, production process innovation, marketing innovation, corporate culture innovation, enterprise management innovation, etc.

In the article "Technological Innovation, Business Innovation, Enterprise Innovation and All-round Innovation", He Daoyi divided enterprise innovation into ten aspects of innovation: enterprise strategy innovation, model innovation, process innovation, standard innovation, concept innovation, atmosphere innovation, structural innovation and system innovation.

In the initial stage of socialism, there are a variety of distribution methods, and the main forms include the following four:

1. Distribution according to work. Distribution according to work is the basic principle of the distribution of individual consumer goods in the socialist public-owned economy, and occupies the dominant position in all distribution methods in the initial stage of socialism. Its distribution scale is based on the quantity and quality of labor, and the more work you get, reflects fairness and efficiency.

2. Distribute according to the fruits of labor of individual workers.

Individual workers own the means of production and engage in production and business activities independently, and the fruits of their labor are directly owned by the workers after deducting costs and taxes, thus constituting their personal income. Characteristics: They are not only laborers, but also operators and investors, not only to pay labor, plan development, but also to bear business risks.

3. Distribution according to factors of production.

Two forms of manifestation: 1. Purely technical behavior.

2.Purely economic behavior.