The function of the structures of various parts within the plant cell

The function of the structures of various parts within the plant cellPlant cell is the basic unit of structure and function of plant life activities, which is composed of two parts: protoplast and cell wall. Protoplasts are a general term for all substances in the cell wall, mainly composed of cytoplasm and nucleus, and there are several different organelles in the cytoplasm or nucleus, in addition to cell fluid and post-inclusions.

The cytoplasm of typical plant cells can be divided into membranes (plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane), hyalurin, and organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, etc.). Hyaluronin is the amorphous soluble part of the cytoplasm, in which organelles and various post-inclusions are suspended. The plasma membrane is the realm of the cytoplasm and clings to the cell wall, which has many small pores, so the cytoplasm of adjacent cells is interconnected.

The plasma membrane is selective for the permeability of substances. The vacuolar membrane is located at the site where the cytoplasm and the cell fluid are in contact, and the morphological structure of the plasma membrane is basically similar. The endoplasmic reticulum is a group of perforated membranes scattered within the hyalurin, which is a concentrated distribution field of ribosomes, and it is thought that it also plays a role in cell wall formation.

Plastids are unique organelles in eukaryotic cells, which are tablet-shaped, disc-shaped or spherical, with two membranes on the surface, and their functions are closely related to energy metabolism, nutrient storage and plant reproduction. Plastids are usually developed directly or indirectly from preplasts, which are generally found in embryos or meristems, usually in a double-layer membrane containing a relatively homogeneous matrix. Plastids can be broadly divided into three main categories, namely achromats, chloroplasts, and chromosomes.

Plant cells are mainly composed of cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, and the cell wall mainly plays a supporting and protective role in the outermost layer. The cell membrane is a very thin membrane on the inside of the cell wall, which mainly controls the entry and exit of substances and separates the cell from the external environment. The cytoplasm contains the cytoplasmic matrix and organelles, which are structures with various functions.

The nucleus is the repository of genetic information, the control center of cytogenetics and metabolism.

1. Cell wall. The main components are cellulose and pectin. It is composed of three parts: the poor compartment layer, the primary wall, and the secondary wall. Function: Maintain the shape of cells and prevent water loss.

2. Manuscript macro chlorophyll.

A double-layered membrane containing chlorophyll that can carry out photosynthesis.

Key empty book. 3. Vacuoles. Monolayer membrane, the main component of the liquid is water. Function: Stores substances (sugars, proteins, pigments, etc.), regulates the intracellular environment.

Cell wall: supports cell structure morphology and protects cells.

Cell membrane: It has a similar function to the cell membrane of animals, and is a semi-permeable membrane that has the function of exchanging substances and nutrients.

Chloroplasts: the main site of photosynthesis.

Mitochondria: Like those of animals, they are the main sites of aerobic respiration.

Ribosomes: Preliminary synthesis of proteins and sugars.

Endoplasmic reticulum: works with ribosomes to synthesize proteins and is involved in the transport of organic matter.

Golgi apparatus: synthesizes proteins with ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in the formation of the cell wall.

Vacuole: Maintains the osmotic pressure and swelling state of the cell.

Cytoplasm: Provides substances and places for cell metabolism.

Nucleus: the place where genetic material is stored and replicated, and the control center of vital activities.

The structure of plant cells: the cell wall: it plays a supporting and protective role in the cell membrane and its internal structure; Cell membrane:

control the entry and exit of substances and other functions; Cytoplasm: a liquid and fluid substance that exists outside the nucleus within the cell membrane; The function of the nucleus is mainly to store and transmit genetic information.

1.Cell wall

The cell wall is one of the distinctive features of plant cells, surrounded by the outermost part of plant cells, its main function is to support and protect the cell membrane and its internal structure, and the component of the cell wall is cellulose, which is relatively "hard".

2.Cell membrane:

The cell membrane is an extremely thin membrane that clings to the cell wall and is difficult to observe with a light microscope under normal conditions. The chemical components of the cell membrane are proteins and lipids, and the cell membrane has the following functions:

control the entry and exit of substances; Receiving and transmitting external signals; Resist the invasion of germs, etc.

3.Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a liquid and flowing substance that exists outside the nucleus within the cell membrane. There are various structures within the cytoplasm;

Vacuoles: In young plant cells, vacuoles are small and scattered, in mature plant cells, there is only one large vacuole, which can account for less than 90% of the cell volume, the vacuole is filled with cell fluid, the main component of cell fluid is water, in addition to dissolving a variety of substances, such as sugar, organic acids, proteins, etc., some vacuoles also contain pigments, so that the cells show different colors. The functions of vacuoles are mainly osmoregulation, storage and digestion.

Chloroplast: A small green particle in the cytoplasm that is the site of photosynthesis in plants. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, so most of the cells containing chloroplasts are green, and some fruits can be transformed into chromosomes during the ripening process, making the fruit appear in various colors.

Mitochondria: are the sites of cellular respiration and are small and difficult to observe under an ordinary light microscope.

4.Nucleus

The nucleus is an important part of the cell, in young plant cells, the nucleus is larger, spherical, located in the cell, with the growth of the cell and the formation of vacuoles, the nucleus moves to the part close to the cell wall, which is hemispherical or round. The function of the nucleus is mainly to store and transmit genetic information.