Talk about the understanding of Emperor Xiaowen s reform, the impact of Emperor Xiaowen s reform

Emperor Xiaowen advocated Chinese culture, implemented sinicization, banned Hu clothes and Hu language, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed surnames and banned burials, and improved the cultural level of Xianbei people. It is a confluence of ethnic integration of various ethnic groups in Northwest China after they entered the Central Plains one after another, and has played an important role in the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

1) Background of the reform:

In the face of the trend of ethnic integration, in order to strengthen the rule of the people of all ethnic groups, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty accepted the suggestions of the Han landlords to implement reforms.

2) The main content of the reform.

Economically: Implement the equalization system. In 485, the Northern Wei Dynasty promulgated the Juntian Decree to distribute and adjust land in the name of the feudal state.

This is an important measure with considerable far-reaching implications. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, although there were some changes in the specific content of the Juntian system, this system was basically inherited. The equalization system is a form of feudal land ownership.

The equalization system allocates some wasteland to landless or landless peasants, which is of positive significance for the stability of social order and the restoration and development of production.

Politically: Rectify the rule of officials. Formulate a system of bribery and bribery to put an end to corruption and perversion of the law by officials. The capital was moved to Luoyang and the political system of the Han ruling class was adopted. Both of these measures were beneficial to the Northern Wei Dynasty's control of the Yellow River Valley.

Culturally: Accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality. Emperor Xiaowen ordered the Xianbei people to adopt Han surnames, wear Hanfu instead, learn to speak Chinese, and advocate intermarriage with the Han people, which cleared the gap between the Xianbei and Han people in terms of surname, clothing, language, marriage, etc., and achieved the purpose of further integration of the Xianbei and Han people.

3) Evaluation:

The role of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty in this reform cannot be underestimated, and he was an outstanding minority politician and reformer in ancient Chinese history. He conformed to the trend of historical development, was determined to reform, and adopted a series of measures to promote ethnic integration, which accelerated the process of feudalization of all ethnic groups in the north; It has promoted the great integration of the northern peoples.

The influence of the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Promoted the process of feudalization: Emperor Xiaowen's reform accelerated the feudalization process in Xianbei and the north, promoted the great integration of northern nationalities, eased class contradictions to a certain extent, and consolidated the power of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Promoted the development of agriculture: The introduction of the equalization system and the promulgation of the three-long system and the rent regulation system promoted the development of agriculture.

Rectification of the bureaucracy: In terms of the rectification of the bureaucracy, the bureaucracy was rectified and the feudal rule was consolidated.

Promote cultural exchanges: in terms of the implementation of the Han system and the change of customs, the main contents include changing the official system, banning Hu clothes, breaking the northern language, changing the surname, fixing the family name, and moving the capital to Luoyang, which is the most important measure in the reform of Emperor Xiaowen.

Promoting social and economic development: These reform measures are conducive to easing class contradictions and have played a positive role in social and economic recovery and development.

Promote ethnic integration: Emperor Xiaowen's reform measures have greatly developed the economic, cultural, political and military aspects of Xianbei, so that the people of all ethnic groups in the north have gradually integrated in their mutual exchanges, gradually accepted the advanced mode of production of the Han nationality and the culture associated with it, promoted the integration of various ethnic groups in the north, and made contributions to the development of China's multi-ethnic country.

triggered a rebellion of some Xianbei nobles: The Sinicization reform caused strong opposition from some Xianbei nobles, and a rebellion broke out for a time, but it was suppressed by Emperor Xiaowen.

Emperor Xiaowen's reforms have the following characteristics:

1. Pay attention to effectiveness. Emperor Xiaowen's reform is mainly to improve the management efficiency and promote economic development, and his reform measures are focused on solving practical problems and focusing on effectiveness.

2. Implement Confucianism. Emperor Xiaowen was a Confucian emperor, and most of his reforms were achieved through the implementation of Confucianism, such as the establishment of the "Guozijian" and the policy of "abolishing art and establishing scholarship".

3. Pay attention to agricultural development. Emperor Xiaowen attached great importance to the development of agriculture and implemented the policy of "seeking grain and planting grain" to encourage farmers to plant grain crops and seed crops to promote the development of agriculture.

4. Uniform laws. Through the establishment of the "Three Princes" system, Emperor Xiaowen unified the laws of various places, which was conducive to maintaining social order.

Emperor Xiaowen's reforms had a profound impact on the rule and development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, such as:

1. Improve administrative efficiency. Through the establishment of the "Three Publics" system, Emperor Xiaowen made administrative management more decentralized and democratic, and improved administrative efficiency.

2. Promote economic development. Emperor Xiaowen implemented the policy of "abolishing the yellow difference and establishing a national city", so that the market of the Northern Wei Dynasty was unified and promoted economic development. In addition, he encouraged farmers to grow grain crops and seed crops through the policy of "seeking grain and growing grain" to promote the development of agriculture.

3. It has improved the country's military strength. Emperor Xiaowen expanded the army of the Northern Wei Dynasty and improved the country's military strength by implementing the "Volunteer Army System".

4. Promote the development of education. Emperor Xiaowen greatly developed education in the Northern Wei Dynasty by establishing the "Guozijian", which was responsible for managing and supervising educational affairs, and implemented the policy of "abolishing art and establishing scholarship", which laid the foundation for the subsequent Sui Dynasty to unify China.

5. The monetary system has been unified. Emperor Xiaowen implemented the policy of "abolishing money and minting money", so that the monetary system of the Northern Wei Dynasty was unified and standardized, and promoted economic development.

It is characterized by advocating sinicization.。 Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty reformed the capital to Luoyang; Xianbei people intermarried with the Han people, learned the etiquette of the Han people, wore Hanfu, etc. The Sinicization reform measures implemented by Emperor Xiaowen were conducive to alleviating class contradictions and played a positive role in the recovery and development of the social economy.

The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as the sinicization of filial piety, refers to the political reforms implemented during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization movement, including: the implementation of the Juntian system and household modulation, the reform of the official system and legal decrees, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang, the change of Han customs, etc.

The Xianbei people are an ancient northern ethnic group in Chinese history, and the Tuoba tribe is a branch of the Xianbei people who are active in the eastern foothills of the northern end of the Great Xing'an Mountains.

The Tuoba Department continued to move south, and in the Western Jin Dynasty, the tribal leader Tuoba Yilu was named the acting king by the emperor because of his meritorious service in helping the imperial court to fight against Liu Yuan and Shile at that time, and established the Dai Kingdom. But soon, the Daiguo was destroyed by the rising Former Qin, and the history of the Tuoba Department was temporarily interrupted. After the Battle of Weishui, the former Qin rule collapsed, and Tuoba of the Tuoba Department took the opportunity to restore the country, convened a tribal assembly, that is, the throne, and changed the name of the country to Wei, called the emperor, and was known as the Northern Wei Dynasty in history.

The significance of Emperor Xiaowen's reforms.

The establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty put an end to the chaotic situation in the north during the Western Jin Dynasty, developed the production of feudal agriculture, and greatly consolidated the power of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Due to the teachings of Empress Dowager Feng and Tuoba Hong's own yearning for Han culture, he actively retained the Han culture, which on the one hand accelerated the integration of nationalities, so that the trend of ethnic integration since the Qin Dynasty did not retreat but advanced, on the other hand, many classics of the Han Dynasty were preserved, and the fire of Han culture was retained in the war-torn Western Jin Dynasty. It is precisely because of Emperor Xiaowen's hard work that we have achieved a friendly and united new type of friendly ethnic relationship in our new era.

In the war-torn late Western Jin Dynasty, minority regimes vied with each other to establish, all of them actively suppressed the Han people, suppressed the Han culture, and the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was particularly valuable, which was also the reason why the Northern Wei Dynasty was strong for a while.

In addition, this series of reforms and reforms inherited the Han culture well, so that the Han culture could be preserved in the chaotic Western Jin Dynasty, and there was no cultural fault, laying the foundation for the revival of the later Han culture.

1. Background: 1. After the unification of the Yellow River Basin by the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a trend of ethnic integration.

2. Most of the ethnic minorities in the north are already engaged in agricultural production.

3. A large number of ownerless wastelands have appeared in the north.

4. Emperor Xiaowen accepted the suggestions of the Han landlords and carried out reforms.

2. Contents: 1. Formulate a system of officials and officials to rectify the rule of officials: in order to clarify the rule of officials and consolidate the rule.

2. Implement the equalization system: in order to alleviate social contradictions, develop agricultural production, and increase national income.

3. Establish a three-long system: In order to cooperate with the implementation of the uniform field system, strengthen the control of the local government.

4. Implement a new rent regulation: adapt to the uniform land system and ensure tax revenue.

5. Moved the capital to Luoyang.

6. Change customs: change clothes, speak Chinese, change Han surnames, marriage, change nationality, practice Han system, and worship Confucianism.

3. Significance: 1. It has further promoted the economic recovery and development of the north.

2. It accelerated the process of feudalization of various ethnic groups in the north.

3. Promote the great integration of nationalities.

Front. 1. There has been a marked social and economic development in the north: agricultural production tools have been improved, water conservancy has been built, wasteland has been reclaimed, grain production has increased, and animal husbandry has developed. Handicraft production is becoming more and more active, as is commercial activity.

2. Acceleration of feudalization of the regime: After moving the capital to Luoyang, the Xianbei rulers accepted the advanced cultural system of the Han nationality, which greatly accelerated the feudalization process of the Northern Wei regime and had a profound impact on the social and political life of the Northern Wei Dynasty and even the entire Chinese history.

Negative. 1. The ideology and content of Emperor Xiaowen's reform is to restore etiquette and music, which is "pedantic Confucianization" and "negative sinicization", and what he learned is mainly the dregs of Han culture and the decay of the Han people.

2. The reforms of Emperor Xiaowen not only did not revitalize the Northern Wei Dynasty, but accelerated the decline of the Northern Wei state and the Tuoba nation. It is believed that Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization reform lost the advantages of Tuoba Brave and simple, which weakened the military strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was an important reason why Emperor Xiaowen could not strengthen the Wei State in the end.