What are the basic structures of the ancient Chinese economy?

The basic structure of the ancient Chinese economy was: the small-scale peasant economy. (Natural Economy).

The smallholder economy is characterized by self-sufficiency.

The mode of operation is: male ploughing and female weaving.

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1. The self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy with the family as the unit and the combination of agriculture and individual handicrafts was the economic foundation of ancient Chinese society, and handicrafts and commerce have always been the supplement to agriculture, and its development direction and scale have been controlled by successive dynasties;

2. In the ancient social economy, the first thing was the restoration and development of agriculture, and on this basis, the handicraft industry developed;

3. With the development of agriculture and handicrafts, the development of cities, commerce and foreign countries has been developed, and the development of cities, commerce and foreign countries has in turn promoted the further development of agriculture and handicrafts.

The development of agriculture in ancient times can be divided into two major stages along the lines of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Previously, China was in the stage of stone farming tools, and productivity was low, so the mode of production in this period was collective labor, and the relations of production were also the state ownership of land in a slave society.

However, with the use of iron tools and ox farming in the Spring and Autumn Period and the spread thereafter, agricultural productivity increased rapidly, and the labor of each household became possible, which also brought about changes in production relations, that is, the establishment of feudal private ownership of land.

Since then, on the basis of the importance of agriculture in feudal society, especially on the basis of continuous innovation in agricultural production, China's agriculture has made progress in production tools, farming technology, irrigation technology, etc., and finally completed the transfer of economic center of gravity in the Song Dynasty, and the economic center of gravity was transferred from the north to the south, that is, the area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The progress of agriculture eventually enabled China to establish its own self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy, which was closely linked to feudal society, and the small-peasant economy was the foundation of feudal social stability, so maintaining the small-peasant economy was the main means of maintaining feudal rule. Later, capitalism sprouted in the Ming and Qing dynasties and developed slowly.

Therefore, the economic structure of ancient China was its own self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy (also known as the natural economy).

1. Agriculture.

1 The main farming methods of ancient agriculture.

1) The origin of agriculture: the primitive society formed the crop cultivation pattern of southern rice and northern millet.

2) The main farming methods of ancient agriculture: slash-and-burn farming, stone tool hoeing, iron plough and ox farming. Where:

The main farming methods of early primitive agriculture: slash-and-burn farming - stone hoeing, basic mode: slave collective farming, large-scale simple cooperation.

The main farming methods of traditional agriculture: iron plough and ox ploughing, self-farming economy, began to form in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the basic model: intensive farming, small peasant economy.

3) The root cause of the change in farming practices: the development of productivity. Specific performance:

Improvement of Production Tools: Primitive Society: Stone Tools, Bone Tools - Shang and Zhou:

Bronze farming tools appeared, but very few, still mainly stone tools and bone tools-Spring and Autumn Period: Iron cattle ploughing appeared-Warring States: Iron tool cattle ploughing promotion-Western Han Dynasty:

Plough wall, cocoon car - Three Kingdoms: overturning car (human irrigation tool) - Tang Dynasty: Quyuan plough (traditional foot plough is basically fixed), cylinder car (hydraulic irrigation tool).

Improvement of water conservancy facilities: Spring and Autumn Period: Shaobei - Warring States: Dujiangyan, Zhengguo Canal - Han Dynasty: Cao Canal, Bai Canal, Karez, Western Regions Characteristic Project, Yellow River Governance.

Maturity of farming technology: Spring and Autumn to Qin and Han dynasties: two years and three cropping, Dai Tian method, District Tian method - Wei and Jin Dynasties:

Qi Min Yaoshu is the earliest surviving agricultural book, green manure and crop rotation more than 1,000 years earlier in Europe - Song and Yuan Dynasties: intensive cultivation is fully mature, rice and wheat multiple cropping system, Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the economic center of gravity - Ming and Qing Dynasties: multi-cropping system, cultivation of new crop varieties, the introduction of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato, and the expansion of the area of cash crops.

4) The economic center of gravity shifted southward: Process: Development of Jiangnan during the Wei and Jin dynasties; After the Anshi Rebellion, it began to move south; In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the center of economic gravity ("Suhu is ripe, the world is full"), and the southward movement was completed.

The reason for the southward migration: the northerners moved south, bringing labor and technology, the south was stable, the natural conditions were superior, and the rulers attached great importance to it.

2 The Land System of Ancient China.

1) Primitive society: public ownership of land.

2) Slave society: state ownership of land, representative: Jingtian system in the Shang and Zhou dynasties:

Evolution: The Shang Dynasty appeared, the Western Zhou Dynasty prevailed, and collapsed after the Spring and Autumn Period. Substance:

Nominally state-owned, in fact owned by the aristocracy. Causes of the collapse: the development of productive forces, the increase in private land (root causes); The war reduced the labor force; Tax reform in various countries and legislation to establish private ownership of land.

The effects of the disintegration: the emergence of feudal exploitative methods.

3) Feudal society: mainly feudal private ownership of land: there are three types of private ownership by the monarch, private ownership by landlords, and private ownership by yeoman farmers; The landlord's private ownership of land was dominant, and land annexation (converting public land into private land, rewarding, buying and selling, etc.) was the main way for landlords to expand their real estate. Land annexation seriously affected the state's tax revenues and caused social unrest, and the rulers often adopted measures to "equalize land" and "limit land" to limit the high concentration of land and protect the yeoman economy.

The question could be a little more refined. What is needed is what controls or the type of production.

The Status, Development Characteristics and Interrelationship of Various Economic Sectors The self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy, which combines family units and agriculture with individual handicrafts, was the economic foundation of ancient Chinese society, and handicrafts and commerce have always been the supplement to agriculture, and its development direction and scale have been controlled by successive dynasties. In the ancient social economy, first of all, the restoration and development of agriculture, on the basis of the development of handicrafts, with the development of agriculture and handicrafts, the development of cities, commerce and foreign countries, and the development of cities, commerce and foreign countries in turn promoted the further development of agriculture and handicrafts.

With the growth of the urban population, commerce is becoming more and more prosperous, the number of shops in the city is increasing, shops can be opened everywhere in the streets and in the house, and the time of the economy is no longer limited, and there are commercial activities such as morning and night markets, which also radiate to the towns and villages, forming a new commercial area called the grass market.