Why electrons, protons Earth, Sun, etc., have spin and magnetic fields

The spin state of an electron is determined by its quantum numberThere are two main quantum numbers involved: the self-sensitive buried spin quantum number (s) and the magnetic quantum number (m).

The spin quantum number (s) is a quantum number that describes the spin direction of an electron and can be valued as 1 2 or -1 2. This quantum number indicates the spin direction of the electron, which can be understood as the direction of rotation of the electron in the magnetic field. When the value of the spin quantum number is 1 2, it means that the direction of the electron spin is the same as that of the magnetic field, which is called "spin up".When the value is -1 2, it means that the direction of the electron's spin is opposite to the direction of the magnetic field, which is called "spin down".

The magnetic quantum number (m) is a quantum number that describes the orientation of electrons in a magnetic field, and its value ranges from -s to s. This quantum number indicates the orientation of the electrons in the magnetic field and can be understood as the orientation of the electrons in space. When the spin quantum number is 1 2, the magnetic quantum number can only be 1 2 or -1 2, that is, the electron can only be in the state of "spin up" or "spin down".

The spin state of electrons has an important impact on the properties of matter, for example, in chemical reactions and physical phenomena, the spin state of electrons affects the energy, structure and reaction properties of atoms and molecules. Therefore, the study of the electron spin state is of great significance for understanding the properties of matter and developing new bridge materials.

S electrons can have two spin options, different spins indicate different states of motion of the electrons, but the energy of these two spins s electrons is the same for each other in the absence of an applied electromagnetic field.

In fact, the simplest example is that free electrons of the same energy can have different momentum, because momentum is a vector quantity, not only in magnitude, but also in direction. The energy of free electrons is the same, but their velocity is the same, but the direction of velocity is not necessarily the same, and different directions mean different states of motion.

Relate. Take electrons in atoms, for example. The spin quantum number determines the direction of the spin of the electron, while spin means that there is a spin magnetic moment, so the spin quantum number determines the direction of the spin magnetic moment.

The rotation of electrons around the nucleus in an atom is equivalent to an electric current, so it has a magnetic field, and the orientation of the spin magnetic moment in the magnetic field is different, and the energy of the system is also different. However, the effect of spin quantum numbers on energy is relatively weak, so problems such as the formation of chemical bonds are often not considered; If you are talking about fine spectra, you cannot ignore its influence.

Yes, in the absence of a magnetic field, the free electron has the same energy in any direction, so it can be oriented freely, but when it is in the external magnetic field, the spin magnetic moment of the electron and the external magnetic field interact, and the spin magnetic moment of the electron has different energy in different directions. The external magnetic field forces the spin of the electron to be oriented, so the spin direction is different in energy. For details, you can check electron spin resonance, ESR.

In the same way, it is the energy layer and energy level that determine the energy, so the energy of electrons on the same energy level is the same.

Right. Electrons have a spin magnetic moment, and the magnitude of this magnetic moment is called a Bohr magneton. The magnetic moment has magnetostatic energy in the magnetic field.