Historical allusions about Ban Chao Zhang Qian

Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the Western Regions, and Ban Chao abandoned his pen from Rong.

Another smile fell on his face. Just then, the trumpet sounded in the distance.

But it's not the leaf of last year, just like the flower of the year.

Perhaps, happiness is a very precious flower, like.

An old house full of memories. In the overlapping time,

In 31 years, he pacified more than 50 countries in the Western Regions, and made great contributions to the return of the Western Regions and the promotion of ethnic integration.

Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened the door to exchanges between China and Central Asia, West Asia, Europe and other countries, built a bridge of friendly exchanges between Han and Western countries, and promoted cultural and economic exchanges and development between the East and the West.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, after more than 70 years of recuperation, the national strength was gradually expanding, and military and diplomatic activities were becoming more and more frequent. The efforts of the two opened up a well-known Silk Road, which enabled the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures.

Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened up land transportation between China and the West. 1. In terms of politics, the national prestige of the Han Dynasty was spread far and wide, and in the future, the countries of the Western Regions established diplomatic relations with the Han Dynasty.

2. In terms of transportation, China's understanding of the Western Regions and Central Asian countries has been increased, and the exchanges between envoys and business travelers have become more and more frequent, opening up a world-famous Silk Road.

3. In terms of religion, the monks of the Western Regions came to China to engage in religious translation and missionary work, which made the spread of Buddhism flourish day by day and had a great impact on Chinese culture.

4. In terms of cultural relics exchange, Chinese silk, lacquerware, iron smelting and agricultural technology were introduced to the Western Regions and Central Asia. Sweat horses, glazes, and camels from the Western Regions were also introduced to China, and plants from the Western Regions, such as grapes, alfalfa, courgettes, and beans, were also transplanted to China.

Ban Chao went through the three dynasties of Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhang, and Emperor He before and after the Western Regions, a total of 30 years. In addition to his political achievements, he has made great contributions to the development of transportation and the promotion of various aspects of the cultural and material life of the Chinese and Western peoples.

1. Consolidating the rule, Ban Chao subdued the countries of the Western Regions and rebuilt the capital of the Western Regions, which not only restored Sino-Western diplomacy, but also greatly boosted the prestige of the Han dynasty and eliminated the threat of Xiongnu invasion.

2. In addition to opening the Silk Road, Ban Chao reopened the Silk Road, and sent Gan Ying as an envoy to Daqin, which also opened up China's land passage to West Asia and the Persian Gulf.

3. Cultural exchanges, after the reopening of Sino-Western transportation, Western acrobatics, sculpture and fine arts were introduced into China; Chinese irrigation was also introduced to the West; The increasing number of Buddhist monks has promoted the spread of Buddhism in China. It has enriched the spiritual civilization of the people of China and the West.

4. To promote the economy, after the class surpassed the Western Regions, China and foreign countries were frequent, and silk, copper and iron artifacts were the commodities that the West valued seriously; Merchants from the Western Regions also imported horses, spices, glass, precious stones, and furs into China. All of them have enriched the material life of the people in China and the West.

Is it? Coca-Cola took a look.

The road is the road of friendship and the road of sadness, the road of national roads.

Zhang Qian is a pioneer of the Silk Road and is known as "the first Chinese to open his eyes to the world". He spread the civilization of the Central Plains to the Western Regions, and introduced species such as sweat horses, grapes, alfalfa, pomegranates, and flax from the countries of the Western Regions to the Central Plains, promoting the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations. For the first time, Zhang Qian, as an envoy of the Han Dynasty, communicated the connection between the Han Dynasty and the countries of the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian thus became the first person in China to go global.

Before the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions was a very strange and mysterious place for almost all people in the Central Plains. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, people gradually learned some information about the Western Regions from the descriptions of merchants traveling between the east and the west, but it was still very limited. In 138 BC, there was finally a warrior from the Central Plains who took the lead in challenging this unknown place, and he was Zhang Qian (195-114 BC).

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions was not his personal wish, but the political requirement of the Western Han Dynasty at that time.

According to the "Historical Records: The Biography of Dawan Lie", Zhang Qian was a native of Hanzhong, and Chen Shou said that he was a "native of Chenggu (now Chenggu County, Shaanxi) in Hanzhong", and he was Lang in the first year of its establishment. At this time, it was the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the country was strong, but it was still threatened by the powerful Xiongnu in the north. In order to get rid of the threat of the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to send envoys to contact the countries of the Western Regions, especially the Dayue clan (now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the Soviet Union), which had contradictions with the Xiongnu, to jointly attack the Xiongnu.

For this reason, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "is a messenger of recruitment".

Ban Chao, who went to the Western Regions, was also related to the Han-Hungarian War. In the later period of the Western Han Dynasty, the dictatorship of foreign relatives weakened the national strength. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to control the Western Regions and implemented slavery control, "heavy taxes and heavy taxes, and the countries were unbearable".

During the reign of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty, domestic production was gradually restored and developed, and in order to reopen the trade routes in the Western Regions, he was determined to repel the Northern Xiongnu.

In the sixteenth year of Yongping (73 AD), Emperor Ming sent Dou Gu and Geng Zhong to lead troops from Jiuquan to the eastern foothills of Tianshan to attack the Xiongnu. Ban Chao went out with Dou Gu and began that long military career. As a fake Sima, he was extremely brave, leading his troops not to attack Yiwu (now Hami City), fighting in Puzihai (now Hami Balikun Lake), and beheading many captives and returning.

Dou Gu saw that Ban Chao was very talented, and in order to contact the countries of the Western Regions in order to cooperate with military operations, he sent him to the Western Regions to carry out diplomatic and political activities.

Ban Chao brought 36 people to Shanshan. When he noticed that the king's attitude had changed from enthusiasm to coldness, he judged that the Huns must be responsible. Later, after questioning the waiter, it was confirmed that more than 100 envoys and soldiers sent by the Xiongnu had arrived in Shanshan for several days.

That night, Ban Chao led his attaché of 36 people to attack the residence of the Xiongnu envoy and killed the Xiongnu envoy, thus relieving the concerns of the king of Shanshan and finally freeing Shanshan from the rule of the Xiongnu.

Ban Chao (32-102), whose name is Zhongsheng, was a native of Fufeng Pingling (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi), and a famous military strategist and diplomat in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Chao is the youngest son of the famous historian Ban Biao, and his eldest brother Ban Gu and younger sister Ban Zhao are also famous historians. Ban Chao is ambitious and does not fix details.

But the heart is filial piety and respectful, and the family often works hard and hard, and is not ashamed of labor. He is eloquent, well-read, and able to weigh the importance and examine the reasoning. In the fifth year of Emperor Yongping of the Han Ming Dynasty (62), Ban Chao's elder brother Ban Gu was recruited to Beijing as a school scholar, and Ban Chao and his mother followed him and moved to Luoyang.

Due to his poor family, Ban Chao copied documents for the government to make ends meet. Ban Chao swayed at the desk every day, often dropped out of work and sighed: "The husband has no other ambitions, and he should still follow Fu Jiezi and Zhang Qian to make meritorious contributions to foreign lands, in order to win the title of marquis, and An Neng can be idle for a long time" ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Ban Chao")?

Everyone laughed. Ban Chao said: "The boy knows the ambition of the strong man" ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, The Biography of Ban Chao")!

So, he went to look at the minister, and the person said: "Sacrifice wine, cloth clothes and ears, and be a marquis thousands of miles away" ("Later Han Shu Xiaohail Lead Ban Chao Column Biography"). Ban Chao asked why, and the person said:

Raw swallow jaw tiger neck, flying and eating meat, this thousands of miles of Hou Xiang also" ("Hou Qiao Hao Hanshu Ban Chao Column Biography"). After a while, Emperor Ming asked Ban Gu: "Brother Qing is here" Ban Gu said

wrote books for officials, and was directly supported by his mother" ("Later Han Shu Ban Chaolie Biography"). Emperor Ming then appointed Ban Chao as the Lantai Lingshi, in charge of the chapters and documents. However, it didn't take long for Ban Chao to be dismissed again for minor negligence.

Xuanzang (602 664), named Chen Wei, was a native of Luozhou. Sanskrit name: Mahayanadha Nu (Mahayana Devano), after the victory of the Indian debate, changed its name:

Mahayanadeva (Mahayana). He is known as the Sanzang Master, commonly known as the Tang monk. Xuanzang is a monk with multiple contributions in the history of Chinese Buddhism and has an extremely important position in the history of world culture.

He studied all the sutras that were introduced into China, but he also saw the differences implicit in them, especially in the same system of the Yoga School, which formed a major difference between the Regency School and the Earth School in Chinese Buddhism, and in the Earth School, there were two divisions, the North and the South. Xuanzang also wanted to resolve these differences, and he also chose the path of westward seeking the law, hoping to find a classic in India to unify the different theories in the country. Xuanzang brought back and translated a large number of classics.

The organization of the theory of law and knowledge, and the establishment of the law and the sect. Xuanzang became a monk at the age of 13. In the third year of Zhenguan (627), he set out from Chang'an (now Xi'an) and went to Nalanda Monastery in India for 4 years, worshipping the famous monk and precept as a teacher, and studying Buddhist scriptures such as "The Theory of the Land of Yogis".

In 19 years, he returned to Chang'an with the Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhist classics. Later, with the support of Taizong and Gaozong, the monks of the major temples were convened to form a translation field, and translated 75 scriptures and treatises, and 1,335 volumes. Literal translations are often used, and they are known as "new translations".

Zhang Qian made a mission to the Western Regions, so that China's influence at that time reached the east and west of the Green Mountains. Later, Ban Chao traveled west again, and it was following Zhang Qian's footsteps that he walked out of the world-renowned "Silk Road". Since then, not only have the communication channels between the Central Plains and the Western Regions been opened, but China's direct exchanges with Central Asia, West Asia, and even Southern Europe have also been established and intensified.

Personally, I think that Zhang Qian's credit is greater. Because:

Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty first made contact with the Western Regions, and Sima Qian called it "hollowing" in the history books, that is, the deeds of the ancients, Zhang Qian's successful mission to the Western Regions was equivalent to the Chinese version of Columbus's discovery of the New World, which was groundbreaking, expanding the vision and scope of action of ancient China.

The merit of Ban Chao of the Eastern Han Dynasty is to operate the Western Regions and let the Western Regions return to the control of the Han Dynasty again (the Western Han Dynasty lost control of the Western Regions at the end of the year), in fact, the Western Regions were lost several times in history, and several times were restored to control again, that is to say, there is only one Zhang Qian in history, and there are indeed many people like Ban Chao.

And when Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, the Western Regions were generally under the control of the Xiongnu, and the Han Dynasty had no influence on it, so Zhang Qian's envoy did not have any national foundation.

Zhang Qian is a pioneer, and naturally the credit is the greatest.

Zhang Qian of the Han Dynasty cherished the strategy of far-reaching, and Ban Chao worked hard to seal the ambition of the marquis, and finally was able to make meritorious contributions to the west and subdue the foreign lands. ......Litun Tian is in the field of anointing, and the post is placed on the key road. Galloping to the post, endless in the time and month, merchants and traders, the Japanese money is stopped.

Later, Gan Wei and Yingnai arrived at the Tiaozhi and went to rest in peace, facing the West Sea to look at Daqin, more than 40,000 miles away from Yumen and Yangguan, and it was not exhaustive. If the advantages of its environment and temperament, the name of the area of the production of goods, the basic source of the river barrier, the passage of the cool and summer of the Qihe Festival, the way of the ladder mountain and the valley rope and the sand, and the area of the body heat and gout disaster and ghosts, all prepare to write the situation, and seek the root truth. As for the deification of Buddhism and Taoism, it is poisonous to itself, and the two Han Dynasty Fangzhi are not praised. ”

Fu Jiezi (?1. 65 BC), a native of Yiqu (now Qingyang, Gansu).

In the third year of Yuanfeng (78 BC), Fu Jiezi wrote to the imperial court and volunteered to send an envoy to Dawan. When Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty and Huo Guang ordered him to pass through Loulan and Qiuzi on the way, they reproached the kings of the two countries for betraying the Han Dynasty and killing the Han Dynasty ** and its envoys.

Fu Jiezi and his subordinates went to Loulan, and the king of Loulan showed an attitude of discord with the Han Dynasty. Fu Jiezi and his entourage pretended to leave, and said to the interpreter of Loulan who saw them off: "Our envoys of the Han Dynasty are ready to give them to various countries with ** and splendid splendor, and since your king is unwilling to accept it, we will go to other countries."

A large number of gold coins were displayed to the translators of Loulan Kingdom. When Loulan's interpreter returned, he reported what he had seen to the king of Loulan, who was greedy for money. The two sides drank, Fu Jiezi pretended to whisper to King Loulan, and arranged for someone to stab King Loulan to death from behind.

Tu Qi, the servant of the Han Dynasty and the younger brother of An Gui, became the king, pacified the residents of Loulan, and changed the name of Loulan to "Shanshan".

Su Wu. He was an envoy to the Xiongnu, and he originally wanted to make friends with the Xiongnu, but he was detained because someone within the Xiongnu wanted to rebel, and the rebellion failed, implicating him.

Gan Ying. He was on a mission to Rome, but he died on the shores of the Red Sea before he could reach Rome.

Chen Tang, an absolute cow man,"Those who dare to offend strong men will be punished even if they are far away"That's what he famously said.