What is the six body character making and what is the ancient and modern eight body and six text c

Cangjie said: "This is the six-body six-character formula. The first is pictogram, which is a kind of word-making method by imitating the shape of things.

The sun is like a red sun, and the moon is like a crescent moon. The second is pretense. It is to use the method of borrowing words to form words.

The third refers to things, which is to mark the characteristics of things with symbols. The fourth is the shape sound, which is a method of using symbols and musical notes to form new characters. Such as:

The word "reward", "bei" is a symbol, indicating that the meaning of this word is related to money, and "Shang" is a musical note, indicating the pronunciation of this word. Fifth, it is a method of making words with the meaning of ligature. Such as:

Ming, which is composed of two pictographs of "day" and "month", uses the strong light of the sun and moon to express the meaning of "bright". The sixth is the transfer note, which is the same radical, the same or similar sound, and the same meaning can be interpreted by each other. For example, "old" can be trained to "test".

The etiquette of the world is attributed to the text, and the text must be attributed to the six books.

Eight fonts and six scripts should be eight fonts and six ways to form characters. The eight characters are the shape and writing of words, and the six characters are the method of making and using words.

"Liuwen", which was originally the statement of "six books", was first seen in "Zhou Li, Diguan, Baoshi", and the detailed content was not recorded until the Han Dynasty, Han Xu Shen's "Shuowen", Ban Gu's "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", and Zheng Zhong's "Zhouli, Diguan, Baoshi" Note.

Hanshu Yiwenzhi said that it was six bodies and six books, and then Xu Shen's "Shuowen Preface" mentioned that Wang Mang had "six books", but the content of this "six books" was roughly the same as the "six bodies" of "Hanshu Yiwenzhi"; And in the list of books listed in "Hanshu Art and Cultural Chronicles", there is "Eight Bodies and Six Techniques", and there is no detail of these six skills; Since then, there have been different opinions on the six bodies and the six books;

In this way, the six bodies and the six books are confused together, and then the eight bodies, the six bodies, and the six books are confused. So later, there was a saying in Liuwen.

Based on the above statements, the content of the eight-body six texts is as follows:

Eight bodies, according to Han Xu Shen's "Sayings": "Zier Qin Shu has eight bodies: one is a big seal, two is a small seal, three is an engraved character, four is an insect book, five is a copy of the seal, six is a signature book, seven is a book of Zhen, and eight is a book. ”

Six texts, according to "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles": "The six books of teaching are pictograms, elephants, images, images, sounds, transfers, pretenses, and the foundation of words." According to Han Xu Shen's "Sayings":

Pointing to things: seeing and seeing, observing and seeing righteousness, up and down. Hieroglyphs:

Painted into its object, with the body of the question, said, the moon is also. Xingsheng: In the name of things, take the example of each other, the river, the river is also.

Meaning: Friendship by analogy, in order to see the fingers, martial arts, and faith are also. Transfer:

Build a class of songs, agree to accept each other, test, always also. Pretend: There is no word, according to the voice of the matter, order, long is also.

According to Han Zheng Zhong's "Zhou Li, Diguan, Bao's Note", it is: pictogram, understanding, transfer, handling, pretending, and harmonic.

Now when we talk about the six texts, we use the name of Xu Shen and the order of Bangu. Pictograms, signifiers, ideologies, shapes, sounds, transfers, and pretenses.

There are no six meanings in the creation of words, only six books.

Six books of word makingXu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty summarized the rules of Chinese character construction into "six books" in "Shuowen Jie Zi": pictograms, signifiers, meanings, shapes, sounds, transfers, and pretenses. Among them, the four items of pictogram, signifier, understanding, and shape and sound are the principles of word making, which are "word making methods"; The transfer and pretense borrowing are the rules of word use, which is the "use of words".

Six meanings

1. "Zhou Li, Chunguan, Master": "The master teaches six poems: Feng, Fu, Bi, Xing, Ya, and Song. ”

2, Tang Kong Yingda's "Mao's Poetry Justice": "Wind, elegance, and song, the variant of the poem; Fu, compare, and rejuvenate, the different words of poetry and writing. The size is different, and the six righteousness, endowment, comparison, and xing are the use of poetry, and the wind, elegance, and song are the formation of poetry.

?Zhu Ziqing's "Poetry and Words": "One is the beginning, the other is metaphor; These two meanings are combined to be 'xing'. ”

There are six books for character making, and there are no "six meanings". The "Six Books" are the traditional method of constructing the form of Chinese characters (often referred to as the method of character formation). It refers to "pictogram", "signifier", "understanding", "shape", "pretense" and "transfer".

Liuyi is an academic term, which refers to the "wind, elegance, song, endowment, comparison, and xing" in the Book of Songs.

Due to the practice of long-term surveying and mapping work, in the "Book of Jin: Pei Xiu Biography", which slowly left behind the third-century system of China's Li rent, scientific and reasonable cartographic theory, that is, the "six bodies of cartography", which is translated as follows: "There are six rules for drawing maps: one is the "fraction", that is, the proportion.

Use it to convert the quantitative relationship between the graph and the actual features. The second is "quasi-hope", which is the direction. Use it to determine the position and direction of the feature.

The third is "Daoli", which is used to determine the distance between objects. the fourth is "high and low"; the fifth is "square evil"; The sixth is "straight".

The systematic, scientific and rational cartographic theory of the third century of our country is the "six bodies of cartography", which is translated as follows: "There are six rules for drawing maps: one is "fraction", that is, proportion.

Use it to convert the quantitative relationship between the graph and the actual features. The second is "quasi-hope", that is, the direction. Use it to determine the position and direction of the feature.

The third is "Daoli", which is used to determine the distance between objects. the fourth is "high and low"; the fifth is "square evil"; The sixth is "straight". The last three rules are used to correct for errors caused by terrain fluctuations, directional deviations, and roundabouts between objects.

The map only has shapes, no scales.

You can't judge the distance and size. There is only proportions and no directions, and although one place is correct, it is bound to be wrong in other directions. If you have accurate data on the distance between the directions, you will not be able to represent the distance between the mountains and the sea correctly.

If the distance is not taken into account, if the ground undulation, the deviation caused by the twists and turns of the direction and the error caused by the twists and turns of the road are not considered, then the mileage on the map will inevitably be inconsistent with the actual distance, and the bearing will also be incorrect. Therefore, these six cartographic rules should be used with cross-reference. Although the features are blocked by mountains and rivers, even if it is difficult to reach the dangerous place, and the errors caused by the twists and turns can be corrected, so that the terrain and features can be more accurately reflected on the map.

The first three rules of the six bodies of cartography explain the proportion, orientation and distance of the map, which are indispensable mathematical elements for modern mapping. The last three principles deal with how to correctly determine the method of expressing the distance between two points. Errors due to undulations of the ground, directional skews, and turning curves into straight lines are taken into account.

i.e., the correction of the naturalization of the slope distance to the horizontal distance; The correction of the direction deviation and the correction of the curve can finally obtain the "flying bird direct" distance with no or less error.

There are six books for character making, and there are no "six meanings". The "Six Books" are the traditional method of constructing the form of Chinese characters (often referred to as the method of character formation). It refers to "pictogram", "signifier", "understanding", "shape", "pretense" and "transfer".

Liuyi is an academic term, which refers to the "wind, elegance, song, endowment, comparison, and xing" in the Book of Songs.

There are no six meanings in the creation of words, only six books.

Six Books of Character Making: Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty summarized the rules of Chinese character construction into "six books" in "Shuowen Jie Zi": pictograms, signifiers, meanings, shapes, sounds, transfers, and borrowings. Among them, the four items of pictogram, signifier, understanding, and shape and sound are the principles of word making, which are "word making methods"; The transfer and pretense borrowing are the rules of word use, which is the "use of words".

Liuyi is an academic term, which refers to the "wind, elegance, song, endowment, comparison, and xing" in the Book of Songs.

Pictograms refer to things.

Shape and sound will understand. Transfers are pretended.

Pictograms belong to the "monolithic calligraphy". Use the lines or strokes of the text to concretely outline the shape and characteristics of the object to be expressed. For example, the word "moon" is like the shape of a bright moon, the word "turtle" is like the side shape of a turtle, the word "horse" is a horse with a horse mane and four legs, the word "fish" is a swimming fish with a fish head, a fish body and a fish tail, "艸" (the original character of grass) is two bundles of grass, and the word "door" is the shape of the left and right doors.

And the word "day" is like a circle, with a little point in the middle, much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun.

Hieroglyphs come from pictorial writing, but the pictorial nature is weakened and the symbolic nature is enhanced, and it is one of the most primitive methods of word making. It has great limitations, because you can't draw things that you can't draw.

It refers to the "independent wording method". The main difference with pictograms is that the word contains something in the painting. For example, the word "blade" is marked by adding a dot to the sharpness of the "knife"; The word "fierce" is to add a cross symbol to the trap; The words "up" and "down" are marked above or below the main body "one"; "Three" is represented by three horizontals.

The outline of these words has a more abstract part.

The shape and sound belong to the "combined word formation". The shape and sound of the character is composed of two parts: the shape side (also known as the "meaning character") and the sound side (also known as the "sound note").

The form side indicates the meaning or generic of the word, and the sound side indicates the same or similar pronunciation of the word. For example, the word "cherry" is next to the shape of "wood", indicating that it is a kind of tree, and the sound is next to "baby", which means that its pronunciation is the same as the word "baby"; Next to the word "basket" is "bamboo", indicating that it is a bamboo item, and next to the sound is "jian", indicating that its pronunciation is similar to the word "jian"; The lower part of the word "tooth" is next to the shape, which draws the shape of the tooth, and the upper "stop" is next to the sound, indicating the similar pronunciation of the word.

Huiyi belongs to the "combined wording method". Huiyi characters are composed of two or more independent characters, which are combined to express the meaning of the characters in the form or meaning of the words. For example, the word "wine" is combined with the clay bottle "unitary" and the liquid "water" to express the meaning of the word; The dissection of the word "solution" is to use a "knife" to separate the "cow" and "horn"; "Song" refers to the call of a bird, so it is composed of "mouth" and "bird".

Transfers belong to "typography". Because of the different pronunciations and geographical barriers in different regions, the same thing will be called differently. When these two words are used to express the same thing and have the same meaning, they will have the same radical or part.

For example, the words "test" and "old" both have the original meaning of the elderly; The words "upside" and "top" are both on the top of the head; The words "trick" and "emptiness" are both holes. These characters have the same radical (or component) and analysis, and there is also a phonetic relationship in pronunciation.

Pretending to borrow is a homonym substitution. There are words in the spoken language, but there is no corresponding textual correspondence. So he found a homophone with the same pronunciation as it to express his meaning. For example, "self" was originally a pictogram for "nose", and later borrowed as "self" for "self".

The so-called six principles of character making are actually the six ways in which Chinese characters are produced, which are explained in detail as follows:

1. Introduction: The principle of Chinese character formation: pictogram refers to things, will meaning, pretend, transfer note, shape and sound.

2. Detailed explanation: 1) Pictograms.

The pictographer is painted as his object, and he is recited with the body. The sun and the moon are also. ”

Word formation method: depict the outline of the object and highlight the characteristics of the object.

Object: Something that has an entity to depict, mainly a noun.

Character features: Monolithic.

Said: "Big, the heavens and the earth are also big, so the elephant is humanoid." ”

2) Referring to things. Those who point to things can see and see. Up and down is also. ”

Word construction method: pictograms as the background, on this basis, add symbols to point out the "thing". (text, book, end, zhu, blade, inch, up, down).

Object: a part of a thing; Abstract concept.

Character features: A pictogram and a signifier.

The distinction between pictograms and signifiers: structurally they are all "alone". Pictograms mostly represent concrete concepts, and refers to things mostly represent abstract concepts (but tall and large are pictograms).

3) Understanding. Those who know, compare and like, to see the fingers. Martial arts, letter is also. ”

Wu and Xin are the meaning of the words of the conjunction. It is similar to the "Jian", "Su" and "Yan" of the offspring.

But the meaning of the ancient characters should be the meaning of the conjunctive glyphs.

Word construction method: use two (or more) pictographs to synthesize a new meaning. It can be divided into two categories:

1. Synthesis (Synthesize meaning by the image of each part.) Such as: shooting, stepping, wading, Zhi, Chung, Li, and, Xiu, Fu, Yi).

2 Synthesis: (Meaning will be synthesized by the meaning of each parametric component.) Such as: smelly, flute. crooked, pointed, class, boiled).

Objects to be represented: behavioral actions (mainly verbs); Abstract concept.

Text features: fitting.

The difference between the ideographic word and the pictogram and the word referring to things: the pictogram and the signifier are named as a single and static thing, while the meaning is indicated by a combination and dynamic. Therefore, it is reflected in grammar, pictographs and signifiers are mostly used as nouns, and epigrams are mostly verbs.

4) Shape and sound. Those who form and sound are in the name of things, and they take each other as examples. Rivers and rivers are also. ”

Word construction method: a meaning symbol (meaning symbol, shape symbol) table meaning category, a sound symbol table word sound.

Table Object: Unrestricted.

Text features: fitting.

5) Transfer. The person who transfers the note will build a class and agree to teach each other. Exams, always also. ”

Judgment principle: things of the same type of thing or thing should be subject to the same radical; The meaning of words in the same radical can be interpreted by each other; At the same time, there is a relationship between sound.

Object: The same kind of thing.

Multiple interpretations of transfers:

1 Mutual training in exegesis. Dai Zhen and Duan Yu said this.

2 Words are derived, and words are born. Zhang Binglin said.

6) Pretense. Those who pretend to borrow have nothing to say, and they rely on their voices. Order, long is also. ”

Take the word made for word A and use word B with the same sound. This word B does not have its own original word. Philologically speaking. It is also a method of making words, but it is a form of words without creating new forms.

Reasons for the phenomenon of pretense:

1 In order to limit the number of words created.

2 Since the meaning of the word to be recorded is abstract, it is difficult to show it through the glyph, so the same word is borrowed instead.